Report of the Board of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum at Traverse City June 30, 1898.

Report of the Board of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum at Traverse City June 30, 1898.

Asylums--Michigan--Traverse City--History.

Psychiatric hospitals.

Report of the Board of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum for the biennial period ending June 30, 1898. This report includes the reports of the medical superintendent, treasurer and steward.

Board of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum at Traverse City.

Original document held by Traverse Area District Library.

Lansing: Robert Smith Printing Co., State Printers and Binders.

30 June 1898

State of Michigan.

This document is in the public domain.

See other reports from the Board of Trustees in the "Traverse City State Hospital" Digital Collection.

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English.

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TCSH0017

Traverse City, Grand Traverse County, Michigan.

REPORT

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM
CITY
JUNE 30, 1898

BY

AUTHORITY

LANSING
ROBERT SMITH PRINTING CO., STATE PRINTERS AND BINDERS
1898

OFFICERS OF THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

TRUSTEES.

TRAVERSE CITY.
DETROIT.
TRAVERSE CITY.
CADILLAC.
BAD AXE.
TRAVERSE CITY.

LORIN ROBERTS,
•CH iS. P. BACKUS,
THOS. T. BATES,
W. W. CUMMER, JOHX MAYWUOD,
H. C. I)AVtS, -

RESIDENT OFFICERS.

MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.
ASST. MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.

JAMES D. MUNSON, M. D.,
A. S. ROWLEY, M. D.,
KOBERT HOWELL, M. D.,}
G. L. NOYES, M. D.,
F. P. LAWTON, M. D., J

ASSISTANT PHYSICIANS.

NON-RESIDENT OFFICERS.

STEWARD.
DETROIT, MICH., GYNECOLOGIST.

C. L. WHITNEY,
W. P. M ANTON, M. D.,

CHAPLAIN.

TRAVERSE CITY.

KEV. D. COCHLIN,

TREASURER.

J. T. HANNAH,

TRAVERSE CITY.

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES

To the Governor and Legislature of tJie State of Michigan :
In accordance with the provisions of the law, the trustees of the Northern
Michigan Asylum have the honor to submit their report for the biennial
period ending June 30, 1898, and also the reports of the medical superintendent, treasurer and steward.
Twenty-six meetings of the board have been held, and monthly inspections
of the asylum have been made by a visiting committee of trustees, as has been
the practice for years.
We are glad to bear testimony to the general well being of the asylum.
There have been comparatively few deaths and no epidemic diseases, save a
few cases of measles, and the general health of the institution has been ununusnally good. The officers and attendants and all others in the employ of
the institution have performed their duties well and in the most painstaking
and conscientious manner. The medical care has been, if anything, more
individualized than heretofore, and more recent and accurate methods for the
clinical examination of patients and the investigation of diseased mental conditions have largely displaced former methods. Laboratory methods have
undoubtedly added much to the results attained, and they promise still more
or the future. We are pleased to note improvements in the farm, in the
heating, lighting and power plant of the asylum, all of which have greatly
lessened the running expenses of the institution.
The number of patients under treatment during the period was—males,
vOl; females, 618; total, 1319. The number of patients admitted was—
males, 148; females, 158; total, 306. Of this number there were admitted at
•county expense as follows:
q Leelanau
.
9
2
Alpena.. _
-5 ManisteeeAntrim
. . 11
3 Mason
7
Arenac.
_-.
3 Mecosta
2
Bay
11
8 Midland
_
Benzie
2 Missaukee
6
Charlevoix.
2 Montcalm
16
Clare
1
1 Montmorency .
1
Crawford
27
7 Muskegon
._
Cheboygan
1 Newaygo
6
__
Dickinson
8 Oceana
. _
3
Emmet3
Baton
2 Ogemaw—3
Grand Traverse _
133 Osceola
1
. 13
3 Otsego
Gratiot
3
5 Presque Isle
Isabella
1
losco
. . . 55 Roscommon
2
q9 Shiawassee
Ionia
1
Kalkaska
_ __
2 Wash-tenaw
1 Wexford
. 1
4
Kent
Lake
._. 3

6

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

Non-resident State
6
Permanent State patients transferred from Michigan Asylum
,
15
Non-resident State patients transferred from Eastern Michigan Asylum
4
Permanent State patients (Bay Co.) transferred from Eastern Michigan Asylum._ 50
Admitted at private expense
19

Of the 306 patients admitted:
3
20
75
26
41
53
21

had been confined in county houses.
had been confined in jails.
had been treated in other asylums.
were said to have been destructive.
had attempted or threatened suicide.
were homicidal or had made homicidal assaults.
had been confined or restrained at home.

Over 30 per cent, of the patients admitted had been either homicidal, or
suicidal, which illustrates forcibly the dangers attending insanity and the necessity of hospital care for the mentally afflicted.
In December, 1896, 70, and in May, 1897, 10 patients were transferred to
the Upper Peninsula Hospital for the Insane, and in December, 1896, 54
were received from the Eastern Michigan Asylum, and 16 from the Michigan
Asylum. With few exceptions those sent to the Upper Peninsula Hospital
were State charges, having been originally received from the counties of the
Upper Peninsula; and of those received from the Eastern Michigan Asylum
50 were State patients originally committed from Bay county, and 4 were
non-resident State patients, and of those received from the Michigan Asylum
12 were originally committed from Ionia county, 2 from Montcaltn, and one
from Isabella, all of which counties are a part of this asylum district.
As compared with the preceding period, there has been a mark,ed decrease
in the number of cases received, including those readmitted. For 894-6
there were 376 new admissions, and 33 transferred from the Michigan Asylum
for the Insane. In 1896-8 there were 236 new admissions, and 70 received
from the Eastern Michigan and Michigan Asylums for the Insane. This is a
decrease of occurring cases in this asylum district of 140. Erom this number
must be deducted those awaiting admission—about 30 in all—-which shows a
decrease of 110 for the period. Counting the new cases of the Upper Peninsula, which since December, 1896, have been treated at Newberry, still there
has been a decrease in the number of occurring cases. This decrease may,
in part at least, be regarded as the result of State care and supervision of the
insane. State care has been in operation about twenty years. Its first effect
was to place in the asylums a large number of accumulated chronic cases, and
even as additional asylum room was made by the State there were chronic
cases to fill it. The incurable crowded out the curable, as the new accommodations were never quite sufficient. During the last few years the growth
of the asylums has almost kept pace with the needs of the State, but during
the early period of State care patients were often retained at home as long as
possible, frequently until after hopeless dementia was established. At the
present time the value of hospital treatment is better appreciated, and as a
result not so many chronic cases are developed in home surroundings.
Farther there has been a constant evolution in asylum methods of care and
treatment; a larger percentage of recent cases recover, and a much greater
proportion than formerly regain comfortable health, with perhaps a slight
mental defect.
Eapid advances have been made in sanitary science during these years.
Our State and local boards of health have done much to control diseases,
many of which were and are the direct predisposing causes of insanity. Purewater, clean streets and alleys for our towns, the prevention of disease, the

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

7

greater attention given to ventilation and the dangers of overcrowding of
school buildings, and instruction in the simple laws of health, are manifesting their good results in the upbuilding of the present generation. All these
provisions are for the benefit of the race, and to be mindful of them surely
means that we shall have from year to year fewer cases of mental breakdown.
COST^OF MAINTENANCE.'
The cost of maintenance of patients includes care, medical supplies, nursing, etc., furniture and bedding, repairs to buildings, farm improvements
including farm buildings, walks, fences, etc., and the replacing of wornout
and obsolete machinery. The salaries of officers and clothing of patients
are not included. We believe this is the proper method. If the rate charged
for maintenance did not include all of these items, while none of them would
cease to exist, each legislature would be called upon for appropriations to
meet such expenses, but with this difference, that repairs would often be delayed awaiting such appropriations, and therefore the cost of the repairs
would be increased by the damages incident or secondary to them. Prompt
repair of damaged pipes, the replacing, of wornout bedding and furniture,
etc., etc., are as necessary to the comfort and welfare of patients as the
food they receive. New buildings and extensions to the asylum estate should
be authorized by the legislature, us it is for the people to determine the
charities they will establish for any class of dependents of the State and the
extent to which they will support them. We believe, however, that the business management of the institution should be left to its board of trustees.
No laws should exist or be enacted delegating to any other board authority to
restrict their, actions. This authority reposes in the legislature alone, and it
can and should review the management of the institution, with the aim that
the people may know that the highest interests of the State are conserved.
The cost of maintenance per patient per day for the last thirteen years has
been as follows: 1885, fifty-three cents; 1886, fifty-three cents; 1887, fiftytwo cents; 1888, fifty-one cents; 1889, fifty cents; 1890, forty-nine cents;
1891; forty-nine cents; 1892, forty-eight cents; 1893, forty-eight cents; 1894,
forty-seven cents; 1895, forty-six cents; 1896, forty-four cents; 1897, fortytwo cents. The rate for 1898 has been fixed at forty-two cents per patient
per day.
The net increase of patients for each biennial period since the opening of
the asylum has been as follows: From 1886 to 1888, 148; from 1888 to 1890,
131; from 1890 to 1892, 123; from 1892 to 1894; 150; from 1894 to 1896, 53,
and from 1896 to 1898, a decrease of 4.
The number of patients discharged during the period was—males, 149;
females, 161; total, 310. Of this number 38 were discharged recovered, 133
improved, 74 unimproved, and 65 died. The percentage of recoveries on
the whole number under treatment is 3; on the number admitted for 1896-7,
10; and 1897-8, 11.
The death rate was exceedingly small, amounting to 27 per thousand in
1896-7, and in 1897-8 28 per thousand.
The readmissions for the period were—males, 26; females, 12; total, 38.
The readmissions from the beginning have been—males, 94; females, 75; total, 169; and the total number of admissions, 2,577, therefore represents but
2,408 individuals.
The daily average number of patients was 1005.4. The number of weeks
spent in the asylums by patients was 104,901; this shows an increase of 11 in
the daily average, and of 1177 6-7 weeks board over the last preceding
period.

8

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

On June 30, 1898, there were 861 patients under treatment at State expense, 126 at county, and 22 at private expense.
There were 236 persons employed by the asylum June 30, 1898, in the positions and at the wages shown by the schedule accompanying this report.
SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS.

On June 30, 1896, there remained in the asylum treasury of the appropriations passed by the legislature of 1895, for "painting of towers, cornices, window jambs, and sash of the asylum," $1681.23; for "repairs of roofs and gutters of the main building of the asylum," $706.11. These moneys were expended during 1896-1897, but were not sufficient to complete the work.
IMPOVEMBNTS.

Among the most important improvements during the period was the completion of the stock barns to replace the barn destroyed by fire in!896, and the
moving of the other farm buildings to the site of the new barns, including a
cottage and its repair for the useof the chief dairyman and the farm employes.
The accompanying sketch illustrates the arrangement of the buildings.
The dairy barns consist of a central building, or granary, and two buildings
on either side for stables. The granary is three stories in height. The first is
on a level with the stables and is fitted with a vat for steaming provender, a
cellar for roots, a grain and feed elevator, and a power root cutter. It is connected with the stables by a corridor sufficiently wide for a cart to .pass in the
distribution of cut feed to the stock. "Mill stuff," ground feed and coarse
grains are elevated to bins in the third story. They are returned as needed for
use through conveniently located spouts to the lower floor. Whole grains may
also be spouted from the bins on the upper floor to the mill on the second.
The meal falls from the mill into the elevator bin beneath, and is thence raised
to the storage rooms on the upper floor. On the second floor the electric motor, mill and the^cutting machinery for hay and other provender, are located.
The cut hay, etc., either falls into the steaming vat below or into the storage
room, as may be desired. The granary is simple in arrangement, and its cost
was comparatively small. It has lessened materially the cost of maintenance
of the dairy. The second floor is also connected by corridors to the stable
lofts, and hay, straw, etc., can be very conveniently transferred from one side
of the building to the other or to the cutting machine.
Each stable has 26 stalls, and is lighted from the ends and sides. This insures sunlight as well as thorough ventilation. During cold or raw weather
the intake of air can be regulated. Ventilation is effected by means of shafts
leading from the stables through the lofts to the open air above the
roofs. The floors of the stables are grouted with cement and covered with
planking. The drainage is so arranged that all wash from the stables is accumulated in cisterns. The barns are supplied with running water, and each
has a separate yard or paddock attached to it, so that cows cared for in one
may not come in contact with those of another. In connection with the
stables there is a milk house and separate stalls for the care of young animals
and cows that may require isolation. The economy of these buildings in
the maintenance of the herd has been great. This has been in part due to better housing and more room for the cattle and the suitable preparation of
provender and grain feed for them. JSTot only has there been a saving in
grain feed, but also a lessened amount of hay and other provender consumed.
ELECTRIC LIGHT AND HEATING PLANT.

The growth of the asylum necessitated the enlargement of the lighting and
power plant, and as careful investigation demonstrated that the old plant

STABLES

STABLE5

STABLES

STABLES

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

9

could not he enlarged without exchanging the engines and dynamos for larger
ones, and that the wiring of the institution would have to be readjusted in
•order to establish a " constant potential" on the various circuits, and as the
old engine and dynamo room was too small to permit of the placing of additional machinery, it was decided to convert the old laundry building into a
power house and install new machinery. It was believed that the saving of a
modern plant would more than justify the additional outlay required. The
work was completed Jan. 1, 1897. The plant consists of two 150 horse-power
Nordberg Corliss engines, three 75-K. W. belt-driven generators, and a
motor each for the laundry, barns, kitchen and shops. Formerly rive engines
of various sizes were required to do the work of the institution. The cost of
this machinery was $9,854.00.
In connection with these changes the two 26x8 feet drop-flue boilers were replaced by one 250 horse power Wood water-tube safety boiler at a cost of
44,800.00. The difference in the running expenses of the new plant for the
year 1897, as compared with that of the old plant for 1896 was nearly $4,000,
or nearly one-third the cost of the new machinery and boiler. In the fall of
1897 the old tubular boilers were condemned, and were replaced by two 200
horse-power Wood water-tube safety boilers. The institution is now furnished
•with a most efficient plant.
ARTESIAN WELL.
In the early part of 1896 while making an excavation to settle a small tank
in which to collect water from tile draining a wet place on the hill-side west
of barns, a large stream of water was uncovered. The flow from this spring
was abont 2,000 gallons per hour and as this point was much higher than the
asylum buildings, it was thought by driving an artesian well a sufficient
quantity of water could be secured and supplied to the institution by gravity.
A contract was let to drive an 8-inch pipe 100 feet at $1 per foot. On
August 17, 1897, water was found at a depth of 93 feet. The flow was phenomenal, measuring 600,000 gallons per day. The water was found upon
-analysis to be pure and of excellent quality, although of a slightly ferruginous
taste. The well was connected with the asylum water mains through a 6-inch
•cast-iron pipe, and the water was turned on to the building Oct. 21, 1897.
The well continued to flow until April 14, 1898, when it suddenly ceased.
Investigation showed that the pipe was occluded with clay, and that the well
was worthless. After consultation with our most experienced artesian well
•drivers it was determined to drive the pipe deeper. The work was immediately commenced, and on reaching a depth of 190 feet water of a most excellent quality was again found. The well now supplies 400,000 gallons in 24
hours, a greater amount than is needed by the institution. The cost of the
well and pipe line was $1,500; but as it supplies the asylum by gravity, its
value is very great, having been variously estimated at from $25,000 to $50,-000. It may be of interest to state that the well has an elevation of 135 feet
-above the level of Grand Traverse bay, and 70 feet and 3 inches above the
water table of the main building of the asylum.
COA.L ROOM.

Of late years the asylum has greatly lacked storage room for fuel. Last
fall, and again in the winter, after the great snow storm, the stock of fuel on
hand was reduced to a few days' supply. Had any accident happened to the
railroads at this time,'or to the mines, the institution would have been without fuel. In order to obviate the occurrence of such a mishap, it was deemed
Tvise to enlarge the coal room. This was effected by building an underground
shed 40x60 feet, carrying the walls up to the surface of the ground, and then
2

10

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

bridging or roofing the room over at the ground level. The roof of the coal
room is used for a driveway, and coal is dumped from wagons through traps
in the roof to the room below. The cost of the room was about $500. It has
a capacity of 800 tons, and the fuel supply of the institution should not be
allowed to go much below this quantity.
NEW CHIMNEY.

The old brick chimney erected by the Building Commissioners, was 120>
feet high with a 4-foot flue, which gave it a commercial value of about 380
horse-power. With the enlargement of the asylum and additions to the
steam plant from, time to time, a point was reached at which the stack was
overtaxed. Further, it was discovered it was damaged, and that it would
have to be taken down to prevent accident. When the new boilers were placed,
a temporary iron stack was erected, and steps were taken to build a new chimney. Mr. E. C. Fisher, of East Saginaw, Mich., and Prof. M. E. Cooley, of
the University at Ann Arbor, were of the opinion that a new chimney was
an absolute necessity. The report of these experts made it clear to the board
that a new chimney must be built, and as a result it was authorized. The
plans and specifications adopted by the board were prepared by Mr. E. 0.
Fisher, and called for stack 175 feet in height with a 7-foot flue. The new
chimney is detached from the boiler room and is connected with the boilers
by an underground flue, or flues, as the plans provide for two, that the
second may be used in case additional boilers are required at any future time.
The new stack will have a commercial value of 1,531 horse-power. The
present boiler capacity is about 750 horse-power. The work of construction
was commenced in April last. In addition to the saving of fuel which an
ample draft will insure, it is hoped that the smoke nuisance, which is a very
serious one, will be largely, if not entirely, abated by the greater height of
the new stack, and therefore more perfect combustion of fuel. The height
of the old chimney was not as great as that of the .hills immediately back of
it, and west and north winds beat the smoke and soot not only against the
buildings soiling them badly, but driving them through open windows into
the rooms, damaging the walls and furniture. If for no other reason than
this the old chimney should have been condemned years ago. The new
chimney will render possible the heating of the male cottages directly from
the central plant instead of by separate boilers. Anthracite coal is now used
at the cottages, and the substitution of central heating will undoubtedly result in a considerable saving in fuel over the present system. The new chimney will be finished about Oct. 1, 1898, and will cost about $5000.00.
The improvements above briefly outlined bring the institution well up todate, and it should be many years before it is again called upon to undertake
similar repairs. The cost was considered a part of the running expense of
the asylum and was paid from surplus funds accrued to the institution over a
period of many years. At at any rate, an outlay which saved 25 per cent,
in one year's running expenses carries its own justification, and is only such
as any good business man would make in the conduct of his own affairs.
Among the lesser improvements were repairs to the root cellar and icehouse. The former required a new roof and bins, and the latter was so decayed that it had to be replaced. In its reconstruction cold storage for
vegetables was provided, an important item in the economy of the institution.
FARM, GARDEN AND GROUNDS.

The work of developing the asylum farm has steadily progressed during
the past two years. Stumping and clearing has been closely followed by
ditching and tiling, until about 70 acres have been added to the area of till-

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

11

able land. This includes the 29 acres purchased of Mr. Hannah two years
ago, also 10 acres of the 40 purchased of the Grants. There are now under
cultivation about 330 acres, some of which need a little more labor upon them
to make them tillable. About three miles of tile have been laid during thepast biennial period, and about as much more will be necessary to prepare
for the plow the remaining 67 acres. When the tiling is completed the farm
will consist of about 397 acres which can be utilized for crops, the remaining
190 acres being occupied by buildings, parks and grounds and the belt
forest protecting them. It will be clearly seen that soon there will be nothing for our stumping and ditching parties to do, and that we shall, and now,
have no land for the pasture of our stock, which will increase with the needs
of the institution. Nearly enough fodder was cut last year from the farm to
feed the entire herd, and this year there will be fully enough to supply our
needs. There will be no land upon which the cattle can be pastured. Oue
hundred and sixty acres, or more, adjoining the farm are needed, and should
be purchased while to be had at a reasonable price. With increased acreage,
it is the policy of the board to purchase stock and to fatten it upon the farm,
thus having cattle to slaughter in case of the scarcity and high prices in the
market. The new slaughter house, in which the stock purchased in the
home market and fattened upon the farm will be slaughtered, is in process
of construction.
About 20 acres are set to orchard in a thrifty condition and which will soon
yield an abundance of fruit. About 400 peach trees are in bearing this year,
also some plums and cherries. In addition about 10 acres, including the
vineyard, are set to small fruits, and are now yielding abundantly. The
strawberry patch has been especially productive, yielding about 300 bushels
of delicious fruit.
THE STOCK.
The herd of Holstein-Friesian cattle, nearly all thoroughbred, registered animals, has steadily increased during the period. At the beginning of the period
it numbered 26 cows and several calves. While some have been lost from various causes, there are now 36 cows giving milk, to which will be added 14
heifers during the coming year, and 12 calves to be added two years hence,
making at the end of the next two years 62 head. Some of our better grades
are still milked, all of which must in time go to make place for thoroughbreds.
An average of 26J thoroughbreds were milked during the period, producing
in all 537,537 pounds of milk, which is equivalent to 22,397-g pounds per
month, or 20,284^ pounds per cow for the time, or 736-|- pounds per day, 28
pounds per cow per day.
An average of 24 grade cows were milked, and they yielded 426,585 pounds
of milk, which is 17,784 pounds per month and 17,784 pounds per cow for
the time, or 584|- pounds per day, or 24^ pounds per day per cow.
The whole milking herd, averaging 50^ cows, gave 963,122 pounds of milk
in the two years, or 40,130 pounds per month, 1,319| pounds per day, or
19,073|- pounds per cow for the time, which is 26|- pounds per cow per day.
It will be seen that the grades gave 2,500^ pounds less per cow than the thoroughbreds, or 3J- pounds less per cow per day, and upon the same care and
feed.
TUBERCULOSIS.
During July and August, 1897, one of the young bulls, Omena, was ill, and
upon his death a post-mortem showed the presence of tuberculosis. The
State Live Stock Sanitary Commission was at once notified and came and

12

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

tested our entire herd in October. Five cows were found to show a reaction;
two were slaughtered at the time, one being tuberculous, but the other was
apparently healthy. The other three suspected animals were placed in quarantine, and in March showed the disease so strongly that they were slaughtered and found badly infected. After the test in October the stables were
thoroughly disinfected. The Commission came again the last of May and
thoroughly tested the herd again, finding only two slight reactions in the
cases of young calves, that have since been quarantined to await re-testing
soon. This action was taken none too soon, and it is hoped and believed that
the disease was stamped out at its beginning.
HOSPITALS FOR CURABLE PATIENTS.
One of the most urgent needs of the asylum, if it is to keep pace with the
demands of scientific medicine, is the establishment of small hospitals for the
reception, observation and treatment of curable cases. Such buildings
should be especially constructed and should secure to patients not only quiet
and privacy, but the constant supervision of experienced and trained nurses.
The construction of infirmaries for the care of the acutely ill was a forward
.step in the treatment of the insane, but these hospitals are not large enough
to permit of the entire separation of recent cases. The cure of patients is
undoubtedly influenced by the association in which they are at first placed.
Kecovery may be retarded and possibly prevented by placing them in crowded
wards with a mixed class of patients. We strongly urge upon the legislature
the great importance of such provisions and respectfully ask an appropriation
of $40,000.00 for the erection and furnishing of two hospital Buildings for
fifty patients each. Our district requires room at the present time for at least
thirty patients, and if your honorable body grants this appropriation it will
meet the two-fold purpose of providing asylum accommodations for this district for the next two years, and hospitals especially adapted for the care and
treatment of recent and curable cases.
BATH HOUSES.
Another demand of science for the treatment of the insane is the use of
hydro-therapeutics. Water is of undoubted value in the treatment of certain
nervous and mental diseases. The modern bath house in charge of
trained nurses is sure to displace the old fashioned and imperfect system now
in vogue, with its numerous small and imperfectly arranged rooms, with
miles of pipes and myriads of faucets and fittings, constantly requiring repair; never entirely free from the danger of too hot or too cold water, and constructed without any reference to the use of water as a curative agent. The
modern bath house with light, ventilation, clothes and dressing-rooms; with
its various baths; with its greater safety to patients, its greater economy, its
therapeutic value, must replace the old method if we are to march in the
procession of up-to-date asylums. We would respectfully request an appropriation-of 17,000.00 for the erection and equipment of bath houses—one for
men and one for women—in connection with this asylum.
FIRE-PROOF VAULT.
An appropriation of $1,200.00 is especially requested for the construction
of a fire-proof vault for the care and preservation of the asylum records. The
records of the asylum are now stored in various places and are entirely unprotected from destruction, and their loss would be an irreparable one to the institution.

REPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

19

ROOFS AND GUTTERS.
The attention of your Honorable Body is
of portions of the roofs and gutters' of the
and the building is being greatly damaged.
propriated to repair them if further damage

especially called to the condition
asylum. They are badly broken
A sufficient sum should be apto the building is to be prevented..

PATHOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
An appropriation of $1,500 is respectfully asked for the construction and
equipment of a pathological laboratory. The tendency of the medical world
is more and more toward laboratory methods in the investigation of disease,
and if our patients are to have the benefit of the most recent methods, it is
necessarv to provide for the institution such a laboratory.
ADDITION TO LIBRA.RY.
An appropriation of $500 is respectfully requested for the purchase of
books for the patients' library.
ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTERY.
An appropriation of $7,200.00 is respectfully requested for the installation
in connection with the lighting plant of a storage battery of sufficient capacity
to furnish light to the institution between the hours of 8 p. m. and 5 a. rn. and
power at such times, as the amount required is less than 120 amperes. The apparatus will consist of 65 accumulator cells that will discharge 120 amperes
for eight hours; a switch board and a small booster for raising the voltage
while charging the battery. "Since the introduction of a battery free from
the defects of the earlier forms, a large number of plants have been installed,,
and their satisfactory operation, as to service, economy and convenience, indicates the very general adoption of the auxiliary battery system." The saving
effected by an auxiliary storage battery in connection with the power and light
plant figures 21 per cent. The institution is now obliged to run an engine and
generator constantly, Sundays excepted, arid, as is well known the load varies
from the maximum to almost no load. In other words, from the time the
lights are turned on in the evening until 8:00 p. m., and again from 4:30
a. m. until the lights are turned off in the morning, the load is at its maximum.
In the interval between these hours the load varies from 75 to 175 amperes.
"The fact that fuel per horse power increases as the demand on the plant decreases, renders the operation of an engine during the periods of light load
very wasteful. It also indicates that the energy taken from a dynamo driven
by an engine (that would otherwise run greatly below its normal load) and
stored in a battery can be produced without a proportionate increase in coal
consumption.'" Therefore, it is clear that during the periods "of light load
charging the battery operates the plant atan increased efficiency." The running time of the machinery is reduced, and at this institution would dispense
with the night shift of engineers, firemen, etc. In other words, we would not
only be able to close the plant down at certain hours during the day, but
every night between the hours of 8:00 p. m., and 4:00 a. m., and dispense with
the night engineers. The saving effected would be in the fuel required
during the night run, the salaries of night engineers and firemen, the wear and
tear of rnachinerv, and in the greater efficiency of engines and generators operated during the light load period during the day. Doubtless the saving in
the cost of production of light and power would be very great and go far
toward the first cost of such a battery within the first year of its installation.
We would respectfully urge your consideration of this matter.

14

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

ADDITIONAL LAND.
An appropriation of $2,000.00 is requested for the purchase of 40 acres of
land adjoining the asylum farm on the south. The asylum farm contains
588 acres, but about 200 acres are taken up by buildings, streets and parks.
The greater part of this tract was forest land when purchased by the State,
which has since been cleared, stumped, and underdrained bv the labor of patients. The work of reclaiming the land will soon be finished, after which it
will be a problem how to employ our men patients. Farm work is unquestionably the best adapted for our people, and returns the greatest profit to the
State. If the land requested is granted by your Honorable Body, it w i l l afford occupation to a n u m b e r of men for some years to come. The profits of
the farm for the period just closed, as may b'n seen by reference to the table
accompanying this report, have been large. We would strongly advise the
purchase of this land.
HOME FOR WOMEN NURSES.
An appropriation of $5450 is respectfully requested for the construction of
a dwelling for women nurses. The tendency of the asylum world is to provide more home comforts for attendants upon the insane. If the asylum
would provide homes for its attendants, the attendants would unite their interests vvith its interests, i. e., with the interests of patients intrusted to their
care, and thus the highest results of the system would be assured. A duelling for women attendants such as we would recommend should be provided
with the ordinary comforts of life,—-sitting rooms, reading rooms, baths, etc.,
similar to the homes for nurses in connection with the best general hospitals.
The surroundings of the home should be restful, and at the same time stimulating to the education and culture of the nurses. Under the existing system
there is a continuous association with patients—a condition which should be
remedied if further progress is to be made in the nursing of the insane. It
can be conceived that, if these provisions could be carried out, they would be
a powerful lever to develop not only the social standing of the nurses, b u t a
more unselfish, humanitarian interest in the welfare of our insane. Attendants are on duty from half-past five a. rn. until eight p. m., with the exception of a few hours granted to them each month. In addition to these
long hours, the majority sleep in small rooms in the same wards with their
patients, and frequently they are disturbed at night and are often obliged to
rise and assist in the care of disturbed or violent patients. This is wrong.
It is, and should be the d u t y of the State to provide homes where the nurses
can retire after hours of duty for rest and recreation. We most earnestly
request your Honorable Body to give this subject your most thoughtful consideration.
RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS.
The total receipts of the asylum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1897,
including cash on hand to the credit of the general fund and officers' salaries,
were $197,619.47; and the total disbursements for the same period, including
amount of officers' salaries and unexpended balances of previous special appropriation, painting of towers and repairs to roof and gutters, were $195,128.58.
The total receipts of the asylum for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898,
including balance on hand and officers' salaries, were $185,776.23; and the total disbursements for the same period including the amounts expended;
officers' salaries and painting of towers, were $211,204.70.
There was at the close of the fiscal period ending June 30, 1898, $26,682.84 in the hands of the treasurer to the credit of the current expense fund
•of the asylum.

KEPORT OF THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES.

15

The disbursements for the last fiscal year included the payment of the
pay-rolls for May and June, 1897. Till this year the wages of employes were
retained one month, payday occurring on the first. Under this regulation
the May pay-roll, e. g., was paid on the 1st of July, and the June pay-roll on
the 1st of August. Likewise supplies received for one month were audited and
paid in the next. The passage of Act 279, Laws of 1897, providing for the
return of surplus funds on hand June 15th of each fiscal year made it necessary to change the rule in regard to payment of wages and supplies. It is
plain under the former rule that the cash balance on hand at the close of the
fiscal year was greater by the amount due for wages, etc. This method has
been changed to the payment of wages in full at the end of each month, and
all bills are audited and paid as nearly us possible up to the middle of each
month. This w i l l help to explain the difference between the cash balance on
hand June 30, 1890, and that on hand June 3U, 1898.
OFFICERS.
Hon. Henry H. Noble, Chairman of the Board of Trustees, died at his
home in Elk Rapids, February loth, 1897. Mr. Noble had been a member of
the Board from its organization, in 1885, and had been Chairman for a number of years. During all the time of his service Mr. Noble had been most
f a i t h f u l to the trust reposed in him. His wide business experience, his
trained knowledge of men and affairs, his great executive ability peculiarly
fitted him for the difficult work before the Board, especially in the early
years of organization and thorough establishment of the executive depart' ment of a great public institution like this. No duty was left undone. The
minutest detail was carefully attended to, and the same energy and ability
that had made his own business so great a success were freely given for the
public good in the position to which he was called by the State. By the
death of Mr. Noble the Northern Michigan Asylnm lost a staunch supporter
and firm friend. To the Board of Trustees, with some of whose members he had
been then associated officially through all of its history to that time, the loss
was and still is keenly felt. His long years of faithful service, the cheerful
readiness to meet all calls upon his time, the valuable counsel and advice,
always timely, always sound, drawn from a long life of varied and active
business experience are remembered and prized; but more still, his close personal relations with each member of the Board, his uniform courtesy, his
cheerfulness at all times, his tender thoughtfulness for the comfort and
happiness of all about him', endeared him to us all in an uncommon degree.
Great hearted, broad minded, liberal spirited, Mr. Noble lived the life of a
full grown man and died honored by all, beloved by all and his associates
upon this Board desire to make this public and permanent record of their appreciation of his ability and worth.
In August, 1897, Hon. Geo. A. Hart, of Manistee, Mich., resigned his
position as a member of the board. The board accepted Mr. Hart's resignation with much regret. He was a very valuable member of the board, and
the inception and adoption of the improvements in the heating and lighting
plants of the asylum were largely due to his suggestions. Mr. Hart took a
very active interest in all that pertained to the institution and its welfare.
Hon. John May wood, of Bad Axe, Mich., was appointed to fill the vacancy
made by Mr. Noble's death, and Hon. H. C. Davis, of Traverse City, Mich.,
was reappointed. Hon. C. P. Backus, of Detroit, Mich., was appointed to
fill the vacancy made by the resignation of Mr. Hart.
In July, 1896, Dr. G. B. Purness was appointed assistant physician on the
staff. He resigned to enter private practice on Oct. 1, 1897- Dr. E. L.
Niskern resigned his position as assistant physician April 1, 1898, and on

16

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

June 30, 1898, Dr. Eobert Howell, who had been a member of the staff for
many years, resigned his position to enter private practice in Eutland, Vt.
The trustees would express their regret at the resignation of these gentlemen,
and would extend to them best wishes for success in their new fields of labor.
In March, 1898, Dr. P. P. Lawton, of Lawton, Mich., was appointed assistant physician. Mrs. Dr. M. P. ISfadeau, of Seattle, Wash., has been tendered a position on our medical staff and has accepted the same. She will
commence her labors Sept. 1, 1898.
We would respectfully invite your careful inspection of the asylum and its
methods. Every year raises new problems to solve in connection with the
care and treatment of the insane, and we invoke your aid furthering the
work.
It is a source of gratification to the Board of Trustees that they have been
able to retain the services of the Medical Superintendent whose efficiency and
untiring zeal have done so much to place this Institution upon so high a
plane of usefulness, and the board desires in this public manner to express
their appreciation of the excellent and very thorough and painstaking work
that has been done in this department ever since the organization of the
Institution. It is a proud record and we are glad to heartily endorse it.
And in this connection we desire to commend the work of the entire medical
staff, who have been faithful and efficient in the discharge of all their duties.
The same is true of the attendants and all the employees, who have the
thanks of the Board of Trustees for their efforts to sustain the good name
and high character of the institution.
LOEEJT EOBEETS,

T. T. BATES,
H. 0. DAVIS,
W. W. CUMMER,
JOHS MAYWOOD,
C. P. BACKUS,
Trustees.
Traverse City, June SO, 1SV8.

TREASURER'S REPORT.

ABSTRACTS
OF ACCOUNTS CURRENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS AT THE NORTHERN
MICHIGAN ASYLUM, ON ACCOUNT OF CURRENT EXPENSES FOR
THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1897.

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending July 31, 1896.
By balance on hand July 1, 1896
Cash from State treasury:
Account of officers' salaries
Cash from earnings of institution.

$49,620 42

2.612 50
5,152 35

To disbursements;
Account of officers' salaries
Account of repair of roof and guttersAccount of painting towers
..
Account current expense
Balance on hand to new account

i 27

57,385 27

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending August 31, 1896.
By balance on hand August 1, 1896-..
Cash from earnings of institution.

To disbursements:
Account of repair of roof and gutters.
Account of painting towers
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

$44,640 43
40,182 04

$462 21
332 00
14,432 13
69,596 13

$84,823 47.

$84,822 47

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending September 30, 1896.
By balance on hand September 1, 1896.
Cash from earnings of institution

$69,596 13
2,139 17

$71,735 30

18

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

To disbursements:
Account of repair of roof and gutters.
Account of painting towers..
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account—

500 76
13,602 88
57,608 06

$71,735 30

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending October 31, 1896.
By balance on hand October 1, 1896..
Cash from State Treasury:
Account of officers' salaries
Cash from earnings of institution.

57,608 06
2.592 94
37,075 24
97,276 24

To disbursements:
Account of officers' salaries
Account of painting towers
Account of current expenses
Balance an hand to new account.

$97,276 24

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending November 30, 1896.
By balance on hand November 1, 189
Cash from earnings of institution.

$73.086 65
U80 31

To disbursements:
Account of current expense —
Balance on hand to new account.

$15,880 24
58,686 72

$74,566 !

THE STATE o? MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending December 31, 1896.
By balance on hand December 1, 189
Cash from earnings of institution.
To disbursements:
Account of current expense —
Balance on hand to new account.

i 72
2,632 77
1,319

$18,992 75
42.328 74

46

$61,319 49

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending January 31, 1897.

By balance on hand January 1, 1897__
Cash from State Treasury:
Account of officers' salaries
Cash from earnings of institutiondisbursements:
To Account of officers' salaries
Account of current expense —
Balance on hand to new account.

$42,326 74

2.612 50
5,'432 84

$50,372 i

$2,612 50
17,644 07
30,115 51
$50,372 08

19

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending February 28, 1897.
By balance on hand February 1, 1897.
Cash from earnings of institution..

$30,115 51
11,516 35

To disbursements:
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account.

$16,793 49
24,838 37

$41,631 86

$41,631 86

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending March 31, 1897.
By balance on hand March 1, 1897 ....
Cash from earnings of institution.

$24,838 37
40,058 59

To disbursements:
Account of current expense —
Balance on hand to new account.

$10,943 69
53,953 27

$64,896 96

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending April SO, 1897.
By balance on hand April 1st, 1897
Cash from State Treasury:
Account of officers' salaries..
Cash from earnings of institution.
To disbursements:
Account of officers' salaries
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account.

$53,953 27
2,662 50
5,871 36

$2,662 50
19,300 89
40,523 74

13

THE STATE or MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending May 31, 1897.
By balance on hand May 1st, 1897
Cash from earnings of institution.

$40,523 74
34,647 15

To disbursements:
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account.

$11,787 57
63,383 32

$75,170 89

$75,170 89

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with J, T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending June 30, 1897.
By balance on hand June 1st, 1897
Cash from earnings of institution.

$63,383 32
950 86

$64,334 18

20

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

To disbursements:
Account of painting towers
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account.

..

$88 00
12,134 87
52,111 31

$64,334 IS'

SUMMARY.
THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with Julius T, Hannah, Treasurer of the
Northern Michigan Asylum, for fiscal year ending June 30, 1897.
CREDITS.

By balance on hand July 1st, 1896
Cash from State Treasury:
Account of officers' salaries
Account of earnings ot institution.
To disbursements:
Accountof officers' salaries
Account of repair roofs and gutters
Account of painting towers
Account of current expenses
1
Balance on hand to new account

$49,620 42
__

10,480 44
187,139 03

...

$247,239 89-

$10;480 44
706 11
1,426 26
182,515 77
52,111 31
.
$247,239 83'

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

21

ABSTRACTS
'OF ACCOUNTS CURRENT OF THE RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS AT THE NORTHERN
MICHIGAN ASYLUM, ON ACCOUNT OF CURRENT EXPENSES FOR
THE FISCAL YEAR ENDING JUNE 30, 1898.

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In Account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Aaylum for month ending July 31, 1897.
By balance on hand July 1, 1897
Cash from State treasury:
Account of officers' salaries
Cash from earnings of institution

$52,111 31
2,662 50
5.603 67

_

To disbursements:
Account of officers' salaries
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

,._,_

_

$2,662 50
12,095 77
45,619 21

$60,377 48

$60,377 48

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In Account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending August 31, 1897.
By balance on hand August 1, 1897
Cash from earnings of institution

$45,619 21
38,441 23

___

To disbursements:
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

$17,927 .38
66,133 06

$84,060 44

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In Account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending September 30, 1897.
By balance on hand September 1, 1897
Cash from earnings of institution' To disbursements:
Account of painting towers
Account of current expense —
Balance on hand to new account

___

$66,133 06
778 03
—

_

:

_

$195 57
13,913 40
52.802 12

$66,911 09

$66,911 09

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In Account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending October 31, 1897.
.By balance on hand October 1,1897
Cash from State treasury:
Account officers' salaries
Cash from earnings of institution _

$52,802 12
T

_

2,600 69
16,029 76

$71,432 57

*

22

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

To disbursements:
Account ol officers' salaries...
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

DEBITS.

$2,600 69
15,358 86
53,473 02

$71,432 57

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In Account with J, T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending November 30, 1897.
CREDITS.

By balance on hand November 1, 1897
Cash from earnings of institution
To disbursements:
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

$53,473 02
12,243 85

$65,716 87

DEBITS.

$19,680 66
46,03621

$65,716 87

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending December 31, 1897.
CREDITS.

By balance on hand December 31, 1897
Cash from earnings of institution
To disbursements:
Account of current expense..
Balance on hand to new account

$46,036 21
11,90522

$57,941 43

DEBITS.

$26,291 18
31,650 25

$57,941 43

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending January 31, 1898.
CREDITS.

By balance on hand January 1, 1898
Cash from State treasury:
Account of officers' salaries
Cash from earnings of institution

$31,650 25
_

..

2,512 50
2,84793

$37,010 68.

DEBITS.

To disbursements:
Account of officers' salaries
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

$2,512 50
11;482 83
23,015 35

$37,010 i

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending February 28, 1898.
CREDITS.

By balance on hand February 1, 1898
Cash from earnings of institution...

To disbursements:
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

."

...

$23.015 35
34,683 54

$57,698 89-

DEBITS.

$10,752 19
46,946 70

$57,698 89'

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

23

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending March 31, 1S98.
By balance on hand March 1, 1898
Cash from earnings of institution

$46,946 70
13,390 54

To disbursements:
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

$11,215 37
49,121 87

$60,337 24

$60,337 24

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending April 30, 18S8.
849,121 87

By balance on hand April 1, 1898
Cash from State treasury:
Account of officers' salaries
Cash from earnings of institution

2,552 50
16,095 74

To disbursements:
Account of officers' salaries
Account of current expense
Balance on hand to new account

$2,552 50
20,17659
45,041 02

$67,770 11

867,770 11

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with J. T Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending May 31, 1898.
By balance on hand May 1, 1898
Cash from earnings of institution
To disbursements:
Account of current expense.-.
Balance on hand to new account

$45,041 02
11,971 56

---

$24,701 65
32,310 93

$57,012 58

$57,012 58

THE STATE OF MICHIGAN, In account with J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of Northern
Michigan Asylum for month ending June 30, 1898.
By balance on hand June 1, 1898...
Cash from earnings of institution

$32,310 93
11,456 97

To disbursements:
Account of current expense...
Balance on hand to new account.

$17,08506
26,682 84

$43,767 90

$43,767 90

24

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
SUMMARY.

THE STATE OP MICHIGAN, In account with Julius T. Hannah, Treasurer of the
Northern Michigan Asylum, for fiscal year ending June 30, 1898.
By balance on hand July 1, 1897
Cash from State Treasury:
Account of officers'salaries
Account of earnings of institution
To disbursements:
Account of officers'salaries
Account of painting towers
Account of current expenses...
Balance on hand to new account

$52,111 31
10,328 19
175,448 04

$237,887 54

$237,887 54

We have carefully examined the accounts of J. T. Hannah, Treasurer of
the Northern Michigan Asylum, for the bennial period ending June 30, 1898,
and have compared the same with the books and vouchers; and verified the
same by a further comparison with the books of the steward and hereby
certify to the entire correctness of them.
LOEIN EOBEETS,
W. W. CUMMER,
THOS. T. BATES,
A uditing Committee.

STEWARD'S REPORT
FOR THE BIENNIAL PERIOD ENDING JUNE 30, 1898.

ANALYSIS
OF RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FOR THE BIENNIAL, PERIOD
ENDING JUNE 30, 1898.

RECEIPTS.
Maintenance, etc., State patients..
Maintenance, etc., county patients
Maintenance, etc., private patients
Farm
Sundry accounts
Special appropriations:
Officers salaries

$284,528 73
64,667 80
6,826 12
547 35
6,01707
20,808 63

$383,395 70

DISBURSEMENTS.
SALARIES AND WAGES

$85,920 22

FOOD:
Meat and fish
Butter... .
Flour
Coffee.
Tea
Sugar
Miscellaneous

$35,884 86
15,811 09
11,490 39
4,459 41
2,440 40
7,064 82
20,564 92

CLOTHING

97,715 89
23,303 13

LAUNDRY:
Wages
Gasoline
__
Soap
Soda
Starch
Tallow
Blue
Irons
Baskets
Tubs
Wash boards
Bleaching
Repairs of machinery
HEATING:
Wages
Coal
Charcoal

_

,

--—
-

_.

$5,368 75
433 74
284 42
233 85
231 49
121 22
20 32
190 87
113 21
1 70
21
7 45
12 31
$1,810 40
24,151 11
12 93

4

7,019 54

25,974 44

26

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM..

LIGHT :
Wages
Oil
Electric light suppliesLanterns
Fixtures
Wire....
Candles.

82,661 37
64 08
486 78
13 83
58 75
2 07
16

MEDICAL SUPPLIES:
Drugs and instruments.

-

STATIONERY AND PRINTING :
Printing
Blanks...,
Telegraphing
Telephoning
Postage stamps.._
Stationery.
Picture material
Ink
Directory
Treasurer's expenses

$750 65
12964
6 53
129 55
388 00
155 09
3 20
3 00
3 00
29 00

AMUSEMENT AMD INSTRUCTION :
Music for dancing
Games
Entertainment
Flag staff
Flags
Fireworks
Circus tickets
Repairs, organs..
Books
__
HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES:
Crockery
Dry goods...
Utensils
Baskets
Hardware
Insect powder
Soap
Brooms...
Stoves...
Shelf paper
Sewing machine
Toilet paper
Stool
Attendant's buttons

$3,056 44

$132 00
94 16
154 00
107 01
3 24
39 73
32 25
40 00
177 41

I

-.
'.

$1,21386
3,759 64
1,907 51
2 44
886 28
21 75
831 78
412 51
333
27 96
3 50
461 93
4 15
129 70

SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS :
Repairs, roofs and gutters
Painting towers
Officers salaries

$706 11
1,621 83
20,80863.

TOOLS AND MACHINERY :
Engines
Motors
Water purifier
Boiler compound
Brushes
Planer knives
Tools
Lubricating oils
Belting
Shalting
Boilers (new)
Valves
Machinist....
Cable
Tube cleaners
Machinery
Heater
Insurance

$1,553 21
9,405 89
1,072 99
38 09
1 23
6 00
547 69
280 85
75 26
1,373 51
13,088 17
273 29
50 00
99 36
79 38
1,249 00
20 67
240 00

FURNITURE AND BEDDING:
Carpet
Bedding
Sheeting
Furniture
Screen
Linoleum
_

:

fittings

__

$1,369 71
4,806 06
9 38
688 63
19 50
8 70

$3,286 04
3,056 44

1,597 68

783 80.

9,66634:

23; 136 57:

<jg 454 59.

6,901 9&

REPORT OF THE STEWARD.

27

IMPROVEMENT AND REPAIRS :
Wages_____________________________________________________________________.....828.665 47
Hardware _________________________________________________________ ........ ______ 2,017 17
Iron pipe, etc______......-------________________________________________........
4,681 28
Glass ____________________________________________________________________________ 68 01
Iron and castings______________......______....._______________________________1,569 90
Paints and oils___________________________________________________________.......2,043 26
Cement...
.
.
.
.
._________________________________________________________________1,154 88
Lumber ____________________ ..... _____________________________________ ............ 4,422 33

Wire guards________________________________________________.......... ..... _____ 198 59
Hose____________________________________________________________.......— ..... 240 00
Plan chimney ..... . ..... --------------------------- ..... - ..... ----------------- 175 00
Lime. .............. --- ..... ___________________________________ .............. ____ 565 93
Wilk's heater ___________________________________________________________ ........ 43 13
Tank
______________________
......
-----------------------------------------------90 25
Tin roofing-......._________________________________________............. ..... ...
83 00
Wallpaper________________.-------------------............._____................
578 30
Moving barns ___________________________________________ ...... __________________ 355 00
Shingles _________________________________________________________ ................ 488 66
Tile ______________________________ ..... ___________________________________________ 266 00
Drilling well______________________________________...........................
159 71
Stone and brick_____________________________________......... ........ _
.........
3,557 97
Sink_______________...... ........ ------------------ ..... ----------- .......... ____ 8 75
Iron beams ________________________________________ .............. ________________ 544 81
-$51,941 40
FARM, GARDEN, STOCK AND GROUNDS :
Wages
_____
..........
------........
--------------------------------------------$16,755 77
Stock _____________________________________ ........... ________________ ............ 1,589 69
Dynamite. ..
........
----------------------------------------------------.......
1,079 41
Sprinkling wagon
---------------------------------------.............
--------8 80
Blacksmiihing____________________________________________......................
247 70
Plants_____________________________________........._________....................
95 71
Implements.
...........
--------.........................
- ..... ------ ....... ---- 750 22
Feed________________________......._____................. ........... ____________ 5,746 67
Straw___________________________............------......... ........ _____________ 749 60
Hay. ........... _______________ ...... ____ .............. __________________________ 2,324 53

Seeds_________________............... ............... _____ ......... ______________ 503 32
Manure. ...... . ..... ... ....... . ......... -.....__________________________________385 10
Hose ......... ___________________________________________________________________ 79 81
Tile________..........__________________...............................
...........
564 24
Paris green _______________________ ........ ---- ............ ---------------------- 33 13
Land plaster _________________________ ..... ____ ....... ___________________________ 122 63
Flower pots ..... .. ...... .......------......____________________________________26 73
Harness_______________.....-----..........._____________________________________164 40
Veterinary........_________________________............ ..... ____ ....... ________ 100 63
Trees......._______________________________.............________________________258 02
-31,586 11
FREIGHT AND TRANSPORTATION :
Superintendent's expenses to board mee tings.. _ ........... _________________ $219 92
Steward's expenses for purchasing_________________........ ....... ____ ..... .
191 07
Accountant's expenses to Lansing ------- ..... ---- ....... --------------- ...... 16 58
427 57
MISCELLANEOUS :
Amounts charged back____________________________________________....._______$319 95
Expenses elopements ------------------------------------------------ ......... .
120 62
Patients expenses home ______ ........... _____________ ....... _____________ ____ 473 27
Undertaker's expenses ------------------ ---------- ................ ---- ...... 11470
Water analysis --------- ..... ___________________________________ ..... ___________ 20 00
Patients expenses LT. P. Hospital
----------------.....
--------------........
574 80
Patients expenses to Ionia____________________________________________________58 46
Refunded money
------...........
------------...........
--------------------27 61
Treasurer's expenses_________________________________________________________15 60
Monument.... ...... -......... ......... . ....... ................___________......
235 00
Miscellaneous____................... .......... .. ...... . .................... ____ 2,601 55
$406,333 28

28

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FOR FARM, GARDEN AND GROUNDS
FOR THE BIENNIAL PERIOD ENDING JUNE 30, 1898.

Inventory value of farm, farm buildings and stock, etc., June 30, 1896..Inventory value of farm, farm buildings and stock, etc., June 30, 1898
Increase in value of farm property, including additional stock and permanent improvements

$47,564 58
60,399 00
12,83442

DISBURSEMENTS.

Wages
Seeds
Feed and hay
Implements
Blacksmithing
Repairs, harness, etc
Paris green and plaster
Veterinary
Plants.
Straw
Stock
Tiling
Dynamite
_
Manure _
Trees _
___
Wagon-sprinkler
_
Flowerpots
Hose...'
'
Total

....

..

_

.....

.
_

—-

'.'.'.'
.

___

._•

-

-

$16.755 77
503 32
8,071 20
750 22
247 70
164 40
155 76
100 63
95 71
749 60
1,589 69
56424
1,079 41
385 10
258 02
8 80
2673
7981
$31,58611

29

REPORT OF THE STEWARD.

Quantity.
Asparagus, pounds

Price.

Amount.

1,975

$0 10

Apples, bushels

183

20

$36 60

Beans—string, bushels

322

80

$257 60

Beets, bushels

978
1,073
15
15
57

20
25
30
40
50

$195 60
268 25
4 50
6 00
28 50

Beef, pounds...

3,173
3,876
214
3,061

06
06%
07

$190 38
251 93
14 98

Corn—green, bushels
Cabbage, heads...

....

Carrots, bushels
Celery, heads
Cucumber, dozens...

.

bushels
Chickens, pounds

...

Currants, bushels

__

Cauliflower, heads-..

717

50

16,511
4,175
914
3

03
04
05
50

167 00
45 70
1 50

2,454

20
50

$490 80
47 25

27,040

02

$540 80

60
147
155
342
17

25
30
40
50
1 00

1,1
424

10
12

4%
90
42

Eggs, dozens.

_.

218%

394'
947 11-12
213 1-6
221
386%
64*
15 5-6
140 5-6
Eggs, (veg.) dozen

_

Fodder (Corn), tons... ._
(Eye), tons...

Logs, feet...

-

$7 20

10

$7 20
4 20

08%
09
10

10%
11
15
16
17

$17 48
16 46
35 46
94 79
22 38
24 31
46 38
14 44
10 24
2 67
28 16

$40 00
$738 00

6 00

5 00

1,417 50
261 00

4 00

$326 60

6 00
10 00

81 00
245 00

1 00

$27 50

10

$12 20

5 00
7 00
8 00

$63 00
182 00
922 00

10
15

$380 50

1,755

16,772
7,441
11,405

3 00
3 50
5 00

$50 32
26 05
57 03

3,805
-

1 60

1 00

12 3-5
26
115J.

Lettuce, pounds...

$116 20
50 88

4 00

122

Hay, tons

00
10
00
00
00

40

27%

Herbs, dozens

$15
14
62
171
17

184%
283%
43%
81 13-20
13%
24%

Grapes, bushels

$197 50

263 25

30

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
19

$1 00

$19 00

Melons, (Water) pounds"
(Musk)
"

1,550
1,585

01
02

$15 50
31 70

Mangels, bushels

1,888

15

$283 20

962,420

02

$19,248 40

6,650
460
232
968
34

02
04
40
50
90

$133
18
92
484
30

300

25

$75 00

703

80

$562 40

2,327
7,143

18
40

800
8
11
18

01
1 00
2 00
15 00

''
ti

bushels
ti

Oats, (Sheaf) bushels Potatoes, bushels
tons
n

u

Rhubarb, bunches
(i
«
n

J47 20
283 20
19,248 40

758 80
75 00
562 40
3,276 06

$8
8
22
120

00
00
00
00

05

1,106
300

25
30

$276 50
90 00

70

$3 15

50

05

$2 50

3,620
18,364

03
04

$108 60
654 56

3,275
700
50
60

K

$418 86
2,857 20

76,551,

4H

Posts (Cedar)

00
40
80
00
60

$19 00

$3,827 55

158 00
3,827 55
366 50
3 15
2 50

01
01%
02
05

763 16
$32 75
10 50
1 00
3 00
47 25

735

Rye (Sheaf), tons..."

bushels

Salsify, bushels

Straw, tons ..

bushels
"
(Green) bush els

..

Turnips, bushels
i(

n

Veal, pounds
Wheat, bushels
Wood (stove), cords
" (oven), "
(4 ft.),
Cash covered into Treas urer's hands, calves, cattle
hides, tread-mill, etc., sold
Total

$183 75

28J4

6 00

$171 00

42
8M

08
1 60

$3 36
4 00

200
210

1 30
1 60

$260 00
336 00

285
75

30
60

$85 50
45 00

15 00

$526 50

35 1-10

Tomatoes, pounds

25

171 00
7 36
596 00
130 50
526 50

3

5 00

$1F 00

765
1,245
53V
209
11
290
50

02
04
50
1 00
2 00
30
50

$15
49
268
209
22
87
25

1,032
311
14

15
20
30

$154 80
62 20
4 20

2,763

07

$193 41

50

75

$37 50

1 00
1 25
2 00

$979 50
88 75
1,876 00

979%
71
938

183 75

15 00
30
80
50
00
00
00
00
676 60

221 20
193 41
[37 50

2,944 25
547 35
$45,587 38

REPORT OF THE STEWARD.

31

From the farm receipts as shown above should be deducted farm products
'Consumed by animals in the production of meats, milk and eggs during the
biennial period as follows:
Beets, 978 bushels....
Carrots, 1,454 bushels
Fodder corn, 511H tons
Hay, 85 tons _ _ _ _ _ _ _
'Green rye, 95 3.20 tons
Fodder rye, dry, 51 tons
Mangolds, 1,888 bushels..
Oats, 300 bushels
Pumpkins, 19 tons
Turnips, 800 bushels
Straw, 3 tons _ _
Wheat, 50 bushels.__
Total...,

.

_

.
_

_
__

_

_

_

...
__.
. _

__

_

-

_
__

$19560
29080
2,416 50
68000
407 60
41600
28300
75 00
30 00
120 00
15 00
37 50
$4,967 00'

The foregoing analysis shows net earnings from the farm for the biennial
period of $9,034.27; also an increased valuation of farm property by improvements in the land itself and by repairs made upon the belongings of the
farm of $12,834.42. The farm earned during the period, including the gain
in value in implements, stock, permanent improvements and belongings,
:$21,868.69.
The disbursements included not only the cost of all material
and labor for improvements upon the farm itself but upon the entire grounds
and the expense of their maintenance, also the cost and maintenance of
teams .and vehicles used in conveying people, mails and express, and the
hauling of material to the asylum and the distribution of the same upon the
premises. Had the cost of these latter items been charged to miscellaneous
expenses instead of to the farm, the net earnings of the latter would have
been much increased.
C. L. WHITNEY,
Steward.

BUMMAEY.

Summiry of Inventory, Northern Michigan Asylum, June 30, 1898.
Farm and grounds...
..
Buildings
Farm and garden produce
Stock on farm
Farm implements and barn
Administration building
Pathological Laboratory
Dispensary—stock and
Library and chapel.__
_
Wards
Cottage A.
_...
B
C"~"
D
E"~
Fand'G
Kitchen and bakery
Laundry
Engine room and work shops
Store fixtures __
_
Stores, meats
groceries and provisions
boots and shoes
clothing and furnishings
dry goods
_
crockery
_
__
_
notions .__
_
enameled ware
plated ware, silver
hardware and miscellaneous
Total...

_
_

__

fixtures..
_
fixtures
_

__

__
_

_

_.
—

...

__

_

.__

$40,39900
604,665 00
44,840 03
7,661 00
3,597 82
8,483 25
756 46
888 03
1,416 05
29,502 16
2,038 71
2,127 22:
2,28047
3,562 17
981 50
4,087 82
5,139 80
4,74687
2,186 348001
127 47
5,768 88
1,146 95
3,220 21
5,029 27
292 54;
1,454 48
204 84i
172 69
641 01
$787,49805

REPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.

To the Board of Trustees :
Q-ENTLEMEH—As required by law, I have the honor to submit the following
report of the principal operations and events of the asylum for the biennial
period ending June 30, 1898.
The movement of population has been as follows:
TABLE I.
For tlie Biennial Period.
Patients.

Males. Females. Total.

Remaining under treatment, June 30, 1896

553
148

460
158

1,013

Total under treatment

701
149

618
161

1,319

552

457

1,009

21
62
27
39

17
71
47
26

38
133
74
65

„.—.

Died

306

310

From flie Beginning.
Patients.
Total admitted

Males. Females. Total.
— _. 1,433

1,144

2;57T

222
303
72
284

146
260
78
203

368
563
150
487

881

687

1,568

552

457

1,009>

Died

Remaining under treatment June 30, 1898

.

34

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

On June 30, 1896, there remained under treatment 1,013 patients, and on
June 30, 1898, 1,009, a decrease of 4 patients during the period. Eighty
patients were transferred to the Upper Peninsula Hospital for the Insane, anil
70 patients were received from the Michigan Asylum at Kalamazoo and the
Eastern Michigan Asylum at Pontiac.
There are about 30 cases awaiting admission to the hospital, giving a net
gain of about 26 patients in this asylum district during the last two years.
The number of admissions, 306, has not been as great as for former biennial
periods,.partly due to the uniformly overcrowded condition of the institution
and the setting off of the counties of the Upper Peninsula for the dewberry
asylum, and, as more fully explained in your report, to the beneficial results
of State care extending over'a period of nearly twenty years. It is a gratifying fact that the number of occurring cases of insanity within this district
has been decreasing for several years past.
The smallest number of patients under treatment on any one day was 933;
the largest number 1,016.
The death rate has been low, reaching for-the whole number under treatment 2.7 per cent for the year ending June 30, 1897, and 2.8 per cent for the
year ending June 30, 1898.
The following table will show the sex, age, form of mental disease and
cause of death in each of those who died:
TABLE II.
Sex.

Female
Male
Male
Male
Female
Female
Male,
Male.
Male.
Female
Male.

Age.

Nativity.
CanadaMichigan- _.
Holland
Michigan. __
New York

A. IF, Dementia
B. II, General paralysis
B, 11, General paralysis __
B. II, Senility

Septicaemia.
Pare tic seizure.
Phthisis pulmonalis.
Paretic seizure.
Old age.

74
46
43
45
33

Germany
Germany
Canada-

B. II, Senlity
B. II, General paralysis
C. I, Neurasthenia

Cardiac disease.
Paretic seizure.
Tubercular meningitis.

C. I, Epilepsia

Spinal tuberculosis.

71
38
47
38
39

New York
Michigan.
CanadaGermany.
Ohio

41
47

MichiganUnknown
Canada.
Ohio.Sweden

A. II, Dementia
B. 11, Brain disease
C. I. Neurasthenia

Germany

B. II, General paralysis

Paretic seizure.

OhioPoland
Ohio _

B. II, Senility
B. II, Senility.

Cardiac disease.
Cardiac disease.
Diabetes.
Cancer.
Paretic seizure.

28
54
28

37

86

41

Michigan

C.
B.
A.
B.
™ B.

47
63

Male
Male
Male
Male
Female

46
58
77
89
44

Male

40
46
54
27
34

Unknown
Unknown __.
Ohio

A. II, Dementia
A. II, Dementia.

Ireland

A. II, Dementia

Male
MaleMale
Male-.__
Male

58
70
72
73
40

Unknown
England .
New York
New York
Unknown

C.
B.
B.
B.
B.

I,
II,
II,
II.
II,

Neurasthenia
Senility.
Senility.
Senility
___
General paralysis

Male
Male
Male
Female
Female .„_

43
61
60
65
46

Michigan-

C.
B.
A.
C.
B,

I,
II,
II,
II,
II,

Neurasthenia
Senility
Dementia
Paranoia _
General paralysis

New York
New York
England

Cancer.
Paretic seizure.
Phthisis pulmonalis,
Paretic seizure.
Paretic seizure.

II, Periodical
II, General paralysis
1, Melancholia
I[, General paralysis
II, General paralysis

Male.
Female

Male

Cause of Death.

Form of Disease.

A. II, Dementia.

Cardiac disease.
Organic brain disease.
Exhaustion.
_

Cardiac disease.

Exhaustion.
Pneumonia.
Intestinal obstruction.
_ Exhaustion.
Suicide.
Cardiac disease.
Paretic seizure.

35

JREPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.
TABLE II.—CONCLUDED.
Sex.

Form of Disease.

Nativity.

Age.

Cause of Death.

Female
Male
Male
Male
Female

45
40
70
59
79

Canada.

C. II, Paranoia.
C. II, Paranoia

Exhaustion,
Intestinal tuberculosis.

Michigan

B. II, General paralysis
C. II, Paranoia

Paretic seizure.
Pneumonia.

Male

62
58
72
42
37

Ireland

C. II, Paranoia _
A. II. Dementia

Cardiac disease.
Phthisis pulmonalis.

Male
Male

B. 11, General paralysis

Paretic seizure.
Phthisis pulmonalis.

Male
Male
Male
Male
Female

39
47
50
62
66

Michigan.

C.
B.
B.
B.
B.

I,
II,
II,
11,
II,

Epilepsia
___ _
General paralysis ___
General paralysis _
SenilitySenility..
__

Status epilepticus.
Paretic seizure.
Paretic seizure.
Endocarditis.
Cancer.

MaleMale

36
70
35
43
70

Michigan,

B.
C.
C.
B'
B.

II,
1,
I,
II,
II,

General paralysis__
Epilepsia . __.
Epilepsia
Brain disease.
Senility

Paretic seizure.
Pneumonia.
Status epilepticus.
Organic brain disease.

Epilepsia- Brain disease- ___
Imbecility
Dementia.

Pneumonia.
Organic brain disease.

Male
Male
Male
Male
Male
Female

48
32
59
43
42

Canada.
England

New York

._

Ireland. _

C. I,
B, II,
C III,
A. 11,

Phthisis pulmonalis.

Summary.
Males. Females.
13
3
1
5

Endocarditis
Exhaustion -

1
1
3
1

-

Organic brain disease Total

.

.

4
1
1
1
3
2

5

1
1

2

1
1

1
1
1
1

Suicide

1
1
5

39

26

Total.
1

n

8
1
9
1
1
2
1
5
1
1
6
1
1
1
2
3

65

As compared with the preceding two years., the death rate from phthisis
and cardiac disease was less, while from organic causes, general paralysis,
etc., it was greater, and from all causes nearly 2 per cent less. Much care is
taken in tuberculous patients to prevent infection, and that the number of
deaths decreased from 21 in 1894-6 to 11 in 1896-8 would seem to indicate
that the spread of the disease was under control in the hospital. Very few
patients have developed tuberculosis within the asylum; the majority were
phthisical at the time of admission.
Several autopsies were made during the year, and the following observations
are abstracted from the notes of the most interesting:
G-. W. M. H., male, admitted May 7, 1895, aged 70. Suffering from paranoia, said to be due to senility. A man of no education, technical or

36

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

otherwise, yet he believed himself to be a physican of extraordinary ability.
For some years previous to his coming here he had lived a hermit's life, and
was recognized by the people resident near him to be of unsound mind. He
prepared medicines from roots and herbs which he gathered about his abode..
He is said to have taken these medicines in large quantities himself. Soon
after his admission he developed delusions of a persecutory type. He feared
poisoning at the hands of his attendants, and frequently refused food on that
account. He felt that his fellow-patients were all seeking an opportunity to
throw filth and spit upon him. These ideas became more and more persistent,
and so possessed the patient that he soon became irritable and vicious in the
extreme. Later in his life he began to entertain visceral delusions having todo with his intestines. He believed them to be infested by animals, when it
was impossible to demonstrate any difficulty; and at such times as he was obstinately constipated (a condition which occurred frequently) he maintained
that he was in a perfectly normal condition. His visceral delusions are particularly interesting when considered in connection with the condition of his
colon as found post-mortem. He died on June 18, 1897, after an illness of
24 hours. His symptoms seemed to warrant a diagnosis of acute intestinal
obstruction. When out walking the day previous to his death he became
suddenly exhausted without apparent cause. He was found to have marked
rigidity of the abdominal muscles and tympanites. After having been given
an enema he slept several hours, but awoke with no improvement in his condition. His symptoms grew rapidly more alarming, and in a few hours he
was in such a hopeless condition of shock that his heart and respiration failed
to respond to the most active stimulants. The findings of the post-mortem
were of little interest, save those having to do with the colon and rectum.
The small intestines were greatly distended with gas and fluid, and the 24
inches of intestine next to the ileo-caecal valve were extremely dark in color
and nearly gangrenous. The colon as well as the rectum was found to becontracted so that its lumen in some places was not more than one-fourth of
an inch, and at no place more than 1 inch in diameter. As it lay in the
abdomen, the colon appeared as a white sclerotic band of a uniform size. The
cfficum was involved in this process to some extent, although the contraction was not as marked as that in the colon. The appendix was white in
color, showed no evidence of ulceration and its lumen was patent throughout its entire extent. It was of normal length, but slightly smaller in
diameter than is usual. The colon contained a yellowish and extremely illsmelling fluid. The mucous membrane of the colon and cascum was light
brown in color and bore a markedly wrinkled appearance, as if the mucousmembrance of a normal colon had been made to occupy the limited space in
the interior of this contracted one. At intervals along the gut were foundi
spots ot discoloration where ulceration had evidently been present, although
no evidences of ulceration could be found in the region of these spots on the 1
inside of the intestine. About midway in the gut was a most noticeable
stricture, which was so firm as to make dilation impossible. The remainder
of the abdominal organs failed to reveal anything that would throw light,
upon the process which had been active in the.colon.
A. W., female, admitted Nov. 30, 1885, aged 34, suffering from terminal
dementia, insanity said to have been of a pueperal origin. During her long
residence in the asylum she has always been one of the repellent type of noisy,,
vicious and untidy patients—careless of her personal appearance, and requiring constant attention to keep her from doing, as an old clinical note
says, "everything that she ought not to do." She had been strong physically
until within a few months of her death. In December, 1896, she commenced
to fail physically, and from then on to the time of her death suffered from

REPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT. .

37

menorrhagia, accompanied by an exceedingly offensive vaginal discharge,
-which being investigated led to a diagnosis of malignant disease of the
uterus. She suffered also at this time from organic heart disease, which was
the immediate cause of her death on Feb. 28, 1897. Post-mortem : The
uterus was found to be considerably enlarged and involved in a cancerous degeneration, which had invaded the adjacent structures. The tissues in the
posterior cul-de-sac were degenerated to such an extent as to allow the easy
passage of the finger from the abdominal cavity into the vagina.
T. S., male, admitted Nov. 30, 1885, aged 59, suffering from dementia.
He led a comparatively uneventful asylum life, and was always much attached
to his surroundings—this being, as far as can be learned, his only home. In
October, 1897, he was found to be losing flesh quite rapidly. Icterus developed and persisted until his skin was of a deep yellow color. In December,
1897, it became necessary to do a paracentesis to relieve him of the embarrassment due to ascites. The fluid was deeply colored by bile pigment. His
liver was found to be about twice its normal size, while in the region of the
.gall-bladder was found a small but easily palpable tumor, evidently the enlarged gall-bladder. Patient died on Jan. 3, 1898, because of a gradual
failure of vital forces. Abdominal section revealed a greatly englarged and
•engorged liver with a distended gall-bladder in a relatively normal position. A
malignant growth was fonnd at the under surface of the liver involving the
common bile duct, duodenum and all the large vessels in the region. The
heart was dilated and contained ante-mortem clots. There was atheroma of
the coronary arteries and aorta.
C. H., female, admitted Dec. 10, 1895, aged 45, suffering from terminal
-dementia. The first ten years of her life here were characterized by periodical attacks of mild mental confusion, with the development from time to
time of some vicious tendencies. At times she had been mischievious and
restless. About a year before her death she was found to be suffering from
pulmonary tuberculosis, which disease caused her death on Dec. 30, 1897.
•On Aug. 26, 1897, she slipped and fell on her side, sustaining an impacted
fracture of the neck of the femur. This accident made it necessary for her
to remain in bed up to the time of her demise. Post-mortem: The lungs
were found to contain miliary tubercles in profusion, as well as much pus
-and other detritus. Examination of the fractured hip showed it to have
been involved in an apparently tuberculous process, on account of which the
head of the femur had entirely disappeared, and the capsule of the joint had
become filled with pus.
The following table will show the form of insanity in the patients admitted
during the biennial period., and also from the beginning of the hospital :

38

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REPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.

39

Of the 300 patients admitted during the period only 30, or about 10 per
cent, were classified in Group A. The remaining 90 per cent, of the admissions during this time were nearly all, if not all, incurable, and in all
probability will remain in the institution the rest of their lives. It is not to
be wondered at that our institutions are overcrowded. Of one hundred
patients admitted not nore than ten will be discharged within one year; over
half will remain five years, and the remainder during the rest of their lives—•
some as long as twenty or thirty years. As stated in a previous report,
"Public attention must be directed to the prevention of insanity as well as
to the humane and scientific care of the mentally afflicted." Our legislators
should have a comprehensive knowledge of the principal causes of degeneracy
and enact laws to prevent the marriage of the criminal, pauper, and all
classes physiologically unfit to propagate their kirtd.
SURGICAL WORK.

Since the completion of the operating rooms the surgical work has been
much more satisfactory. While the number of severe operations has not
been large, yet in nearly every case relief from physical suffering was afforded.
Many minor operations have been performed, and it is the rule of the staff to
operate in every case in which there is hope of cure or relief.
MEDICAL WORK.

The medical work of the institution has been much increased during the
period. The clinical examination of patients has been systematized, and includes the family history as to nervous and mental disorders, alcoholism,
rheumatism, gout, syphilis, cancer, tuberculosis: previous condition of
patient with reference to nervous system, its development, proneness to disturbance; convulsions, headache, neuralgia, irritability, etc. Physical examination as to station, equilibration, gait, muscular condition, co-ordination;
paralysis, or paresis, tremors, contractures, spasms—tonic, clonic, etc.; the
tendon and organic reflexes; sensory and electrical examination, trophic disorders, special senses and their abnormalities; examination of the blood, respiratory and circulatory systems, digestive, abdominal and generative organs,
anthropological data, anthropomentry, morphological, and the stigmata of
degeneration.
The clinical treatment includes examination of the blood, urine, sputum,
etc., investigation of the psychical functions, and the adaptation of the
medical, moral and dietary treatment suitable for each individual. A vast
field is being opened up for pathological and psychological research in connection with asylums. As Dr. Cowles well says, "The fundamental principle underlying modern scientific medicine is the biological conception of man.
In the body, with all its elements of vital activity—its mechanical and chemical functions—these must be studied together, in health and disease—both
the developmental processes and those of decay—those of the building up and
the breaking down of the vital elements." To successfully carry on this
higher psychiatrical treatment of the insane a well equipped laboratory is indispensable. The tendency the world over is more and more towards
"laboratory methods in the investigation of diseases." "The insane present
many perversions of .the senses, among which are found illusions, hallucinations and delusions. It is of great value to the physician to ascertain
whether the senses are normally keen and whether localization is accurate.
Are the senses acting with integrity, or are they enfeebled, exaggerated or
perverted in their activity ? This is a most important line of inquiry, for
without correct sense impressions there can be no proper elaboration of the
"raw material'' of thought by the higher mental activities." "Prom any

•10

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

sense of error any other error in mental activity may ensue." (W. 0. Krohn,
A. M., M. D., Psychiatria, Vol. 1, KTo. 1). These investigations may extend to all the nervous and psychical functions, to the effects of fatigue,
auto-toxines, germs, drugs, and all agents which, impair or destroy the physical and thought mechanisms. The discovery of auto-toxines, and their
study, and our increased knowledge of the pathology of the blood, have a
most useful value in the treatment of certain nervous and mental conditions.
The treatment of the insane from actual psychological investigation will require a larger medical staff and the services of physicians thoroughly trained
in.laboratory methods. It is gratifying that, as a board, you have appreciated this scientific movement in behalf of our insane and have aided in every
way in your power its advancement.
PATHOLOGICAL WORK.

The pathological work has been limited to examination of the blood,
sputum and urine, and to such post-mortems as could be secured. The work
done has been valuable, although accomplished under many disadvantages.
The asylum is not provided with a suitable room for making autopsies, and
neither has it a pathological laboratory worthy of the name. TJie institution
needs a thoroughly equipped labaratory for pathological, bacteriological, etc.,
and psychical investigations. Such a laboratory would enable the asylum to
carry on an important work in connection with and under the supervision of
the asylum pathologist established at the University of Michigan.
By joint action of the Board of Regents of the University of Michigan and
the boards of trustees of the asylums of the State, a pathological laboratory
has been established at the University for our asylums, and Dr. Klingman
was appointed pathologist, to take charge of and conduct the same. The
outline of the work is modeled somewhat after that of the New York Asylums'
laboratory. Thus far the work accomplished by Dr. Klingman and the medical officers of the asylums has been highly satisfactory. It encourages the
hope that as time goes on the vast clinical material of our insane hospitals
may be fully used for both pathological and psychical research.
Medical science has advanced very swiftly during the past few years,
•especially that part of it which relates to the anatomy and pathology of the
nervous system. The discoveries thus far made have been of great value in
"the treatment of diseased conditions, and it is fair to presume that many diseases which are so disastrous to human life will be controlled, if not entirely
.annihilated. We should use every means in our power to encourage scientific
work in connection with our insane asylums.
Inquiries are frequently made as to the curability of patients committed to
"the asylums. The following statistics which embrace all the cases classified
as "primary," may be of interest and at the same time illustrate the value of
hospital treatment for the simple forms of insanity. In admitting patients
to this group great care has been exercised to exclude all those who previous
to insanity had manifested peculiarities or deviations from the normal type,
and all who presented marked stigmata of degeneration. About 23 per cent,
of the total number had insane ancestry, but only 10.8 per cent, had direct
heredity, 1. e., father or mother insane. It is further shown that the transmission, allowing that heredity existed, occurred rather more than twice as
frequent!}' on the mother's than on the father's side. Of late years, since
anthropologic methods have been more accurately followed, fewer patients
with hereditary predisposition are classified in this group. It is our observation, however, that there are patients with direct heredity who present no
abnormalities in either mental or physical development up to the time of attack.

41

REPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.

In 36 per cent, of the patients no heredity existed, and in 40 per cent, the
family history in relation to this point could not be ascertained.
Of the 463 cases, 71 men and 61 women suffered from mania; 161 men and
141 women from melancholia, and 13 men and 10 women from acute coiifusional insanity. There was only one case classified as acute primary dementia.
The-following table will show the degree of heredity for each form of men.tal disease in this group :
Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary.— HEREDITY.
Melancholia.

Mania.

Hallucinatory.
Total.

Males.
Paternal and maternal immediate

None

_

Total.

Females.

1
1
2
3
2
2

2
2
8
3
4

20
40
71

Males.

Females. Males.

31
17

4
9
9
2
9
1
41
85

1
5
3
15
10
3
4
63
37

67

161

141

Females.

1

1

1
1
7
5

5
2

13

10

463

The following table, showing the ages of patients, is interesting from
the fact that it reveals that the primary forms of acute insanity are comparatively infrequent under the age of 20 and beyond that of 50 years:
Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary—AGE.
Mania.

Melancholia.

Hallucinatory.

Males. Females.

Males. Females .

Total.

Ages.
Males. Females.
Under 15
16-20
21-25 ..
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46-50
51-55
56-60
61-70
70+
Unascertained
Total

1
3
13
8
9
13
6
5
4
2
1

6
6
14
8
10
11
5
3

6
71

6
24
35
22
18
13
10
4

1
1
4
2
2

3

5
27
27
25
21
18
13
5
5
4
2
2

9

1

67

161

141

13

1

3
2
1
1
1
2

2

10

463

The following table of nativity shows that 38 per cent, of the cases were
native and 62 foreign born :
Group 1, Subdivision 1.

Primary.—-NATIVITY.

Mania.

Melancholia.

Hallucinatory.

Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females.
Native ._

28
43

34
33

50
111

53
83

5
8

6
4

Total

71

67

161

141

13

10

Total.

176
287

463

42

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

As shown by the following table, 63 + per cent, of the patients were married ; 32+ per cent, were single, and 4+ per cent, were widowed :
Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary—CIVIL CONDITION.
Melancholia.

Mania,
Males.

Single _
Widowed
Total .

Females. Males.

Hallucinatory.

Females.

Males.

Females.

Total.

30
38
3

53
12
2

82
71
8

113
21
7

6
6
1

10

291
148
21

71

67

161

141

13

10

463

Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary.-OCCUPATION.
Melancholia.

Mania.

Hallucinatory.
Total.

Males. Females.
Blacksmith
Butcher
Carpenter
Cook. „.

2
1

_
1
22
1
1

Gambler

25

Lumberman
Merchant
Miller
Musician _

_.

Railroad employe

6
1
._

54

Telegrapher

71

1
36
1
76
1
2
1
13
1

4

7

Females.

1
1

5
112
5

67

161

1

1

6
1

10

1

1
5
1

2
1
1
1
1
2

Females.

1
1

2

3

Males.

2
7

1

1
1
1
1
1

Tailor

Total.

5
1

5

Photographer

Shoemaker

1
1
7
1
1

1

Dressmaker „.
Domestic.
Engineer

Males.

1
1

141

13

10

463

REPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.
Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary.—CAUSATION.
Mania.

Melancholia.

Hallucinatory.
Total.

Males. Females .

Care and anxiety
111 health

Religious excitement
Want and privation Fright
Grief.

-

7
1
22
10
1
3
1

1
2
18

Shock

Phthisis

Total

2
1

3
7
21
13
5
3
1
1
3
2
1
3
1
3

1
1

71

Males. Females.
14
3
36
44
6
7
5
1
1
2
5
2
8
16
5
1
1
1
1
2

1
1
13
53
1
45
1
3
2
2
3
5
2

2
1
2

Males. Females.
2
5

1
1
3
4
1

1
2
1
1

3
1
1

67

161

141

13

10

463

The following table shows the results of treatment in this group of
patients. Of the 71 men who suffered from mania, 62 per cent, recovered,
15.5 per cent improved, 0.71 of one per cent, unimproved, 8.4 per cent, died,
and 12.7 per cent, remain under treatment. Of the 67 women who suffered
from acute mania, 50 per cent, recovered, 22.4 per cent, improved, 16.4 per
cent, died, and 10.4 per cent, remain under treatment.
Of the 161 men admitted with acute melancholia, 50.3 per cent, recovered,
20.5 per cent, improved, 2.5 per cent, unimproved, 8 per cent, died, and 18.6
per cent, remain under treatment. Of the 141 women admitted with acute
melaocholia, 44 per cent, recovered, 24.8 per cent improved, 7.8 per cent,
unimproved, 10.6 per cent, died, and 12.7 per cent, remain under treatment.
Of the 13 men, acute hallucinatory confusion, 46.1 per cent, recovered,
30.7 per cent, improved, 7.7 per cent, unimproved, and 15.3 per cent, remain
under treatment. Of the 10 women who suffered from acute hallucinatory
confusion, 50 per cent, recovered, 20 per cent, improved, 10 per cent, died,
and 20 per cent, remain under treatment.
Of the 463 cases, all forms, 50 per cent, recovered, 21.3 per cent, improved,
3.6 per cent, unimproved, 10 per cent, died, and 15.1 per cent remain under
treatment.

44

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary.—RESULT OF TREATMENT.
Melancholia.

Mania.
Males. Females.

Died

Total

44
11
1
6
9

34
15

71

Hallucinatory.

Males. Females.

Males. Females.

11
7

81
33
4
13
30

62
35
11
15
18

6
4
1
2

1
2

67

161

141

13

10

5
2

463

Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary.—DURATION OP CASES RECOVERED.
Hallucinatory.

Melancholia.

Mania.
Males. •Females.

Males.

Females. Males. Females.

>6 months
__
1 year1 year 6 months
2 years
3 years
4 Tears

39
4
1

25
5
2
2

53
15
6
3
3
1

45
9
2
3
3

4
2

5

Total .

44

34

81

62

6

5

232

Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary.— DURATION OF CASES IMPROVED.
Melancholia.

Mania.
Males. Females.
7
3
2 years.
2 years 6 months
3 years
3 years 6 months
4 years .
4 years 6 months
5 years.
5 years 6 months
6 years

10
4

1

20
5
1

1

2
1
1
1

- _.
_„

1

9 years
11 yearsTotal

Males.

1
11

15

33

Hallucinatory.

Females.
13
9
1
1

Males. Females.
4

1
1

*

1
1
3
2
1
2
1

35

4

2

100

As may be observed from the above tables, the majority of the patients discharged, recovered and improved occurred within the first year. No case of
mania recovered after two years, and only seven cases of melancholia. Sometimes recovery from melancholia takes place after several years, the patient
passing through a series of attacks, the intervals between them growing
longer, and the depression of each gradually lessening in intensity. This
•oscillatory form of melancholia, however, as a rule terminates in dementia.

REPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.
The following table showing the duration of disease in those discharged
unimproved and those remaining, indicates a much longer duration of treatment. The most of the patients had reached terminal dementia before discharge or transfer to other hospitals:
DURATION OF CASES UNIMPROVED.
Mania.

Melancholia.

Males. Females
1

1

1
1
1
1
2
1
1

1

1

Total

10

Males.

2
1

I
1

7

2

2
1
2
1
5
4
2
1
7
f,
2
34

Hallucinatory.

Females.

Males. Females.

2
2
1
1
1
1

1
1

1
6
3
1
9

1

1
I

1
29

3

2

The following table, showing the duration of disease in those1 discharged
died, is not without interest. Deaths occurring within the first six months
are mostly due to exhaustion or to some inter-current disease secondary to it,
while those beyond a year are usually due to causes but remotely related tothe initial mental disorder.
Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary—DURATION OP CASES DIED.
Mania.

Melancholia.

Males. Females . Males.
3

1.
1

Total

„

7
1
2

1

1

6

11

Hallucinatory.

Females. Males.

6

11

1

i
1

t
2
2

Females .

1.

2

1
13

15

1

Of the 463 cases, only one discharged as recovered has been readmitted-,,
while of those discharged improved 9- have been returned to the asylum-

46

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN

Group I, Subdivision 1.

ASYLUM.

Primary—READMISSIONS.
Mania.

Melancholia.

Hallucinatory.

Males. Females. Males. Females. Males. Females.
Discharged as recovered
Total

_

1

1
2

1

3

4

^

2
2

The following table shows the mental condition of those remaining under
treatment:
Group I, Subdivision 1. Primary.— MENTAL STATUS OF THOSE REMAINING.
Mania.

Melancholia.

Hallucinatory.

Males. Females. Males. Females . Males. Females .

Total

6
1
1
1

5

21
5

11
5

2

I

2

9

7

30

18

2

1
1

2

2

This brief study shows that acute primary insanity in any of its forms is
comparatively dangerous to life, the mortality reaching an average of 10 per
cent, for 13 years. It further shows that it is disastrous to mental health,
about 19 per cent, terminating in chronic insanity.
Of every hundred patio nts admitted to the primary group, which contains
nearly all of the curable cases admitted to the asylum, 50 per cent, recover,
21 per cent, improve, 10 per cent, die and 19 per cent, reach chronic dementia.
Of the 68 patients remaining under treatment, 68 per cent, terminated in
simple dementia and only 18 per cent, in secondary paranoia, or chronic delusional insanity. Transformation of delusions is sometimes seen in these
cases, but as a rule the primary delusions remain in a more or less active
form.
IMPROVEMENTS ASTD EEPAIES.

The wards and the various departments of the institution have been kept in
thorough repair. Several halls were renovated, and a number of the lavatories and closets re-floored with tile, and rain baths have been substituted
in two cottages for the ordinary bath. The repairs in the electric lighting
and heating machinery, the discovery of the artesian well, the erection of the
new chimney, etc., are described in your report and need not be further mentioned here.
At the outbreak of the war with Spain, Messrs. C. E. Bootman, 0. 0. Corbett, G-. Alexander, P. Riley, A. Day, P. Spealman, E. Herkner and C.
Buchner enlisted in Company M, Thirty-Fourth Michigan Volunteer Infantry, and as this report closes are nearing Santiago de Cuba. All honor
to these young men who went forth at their country's call. It was a kind

REPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.

47

act of yours to grant them leave of absence during the war and retain their
places for them without loss of grade when they shall come back to the institution.
OCCUPATION" OF PATIENTS.

At the beginning of the asylum the occupation of the insane was limited
mostly to hall and kitchen work for men, and hall, laundry and sewing for
the women. It is true that a few men were employed on the farm and
garden and about the barns, but great care was exercised in the selection of
patients for such duties and still greater care was taken to avoid all kinds of
labor that required the use of tools that might become dangerous in their
hands. The value of occupation was so apparent that year by year it was extended, until now a large force of patients is regularly employed at every
asylum. The asylum farm thirteen years ago was nearly all quite densely
wooded, and much of it was low and wet from springs and streams which
overflowed it. If cleared by paid labor, large appropriations would be required from time to time, and it might be many years before the lands could
be reclaimed for general farming purposes. In the winter of 1885-6 it was
decided to select a small party of men, and under the supervision of an experienced attendant set them to work in the woods, as a matter of experiment. Axes, saws, etc., were provided for them, and from that time
until last winter, when the clearing was finished, the " chopping party"
constantly increased until about one hundred men were regularly employed in the work. No homicidal assault ever occurred, and only
one accident happened in clearing over four hundred acres of woodland.
The work was intelligently performed. The timber was cut into logs for the
mills and into wood, posts, etc. During the summer season the same party
was occupied in stumping, ditching, fence building, etc., with the same good
results. As the land was cleared it prepared the way for the occupation of
another class of patients in the garden and about the grounds, and for several
years nearly all the garden work, including the transplanting of trees and
vegetables and care of farm crops has been done by patients. Finally the
most disturbed men were assigned the care of the lawns, and for two years
past they have entirely done the lawn mowing. Experience has taught that
nearly all able-bodied patients can be usefully and profitably employed. The
more disturbed and demented classes have to be sent out in smaller parties—
the first in open ground for the sake of better supervision, and the latter
that they may have the directive attention of the attendant, since they are so
lacking in initiative that they would accomplish nothing without it. We
have never been able to interest women in out-door pursuits to any extent.
Flower gardening was enjoyed by a few, and the same may be said of chicken
raising. The gathering of small fruits seems to offer many inducements, and
this season many of the ladies have greatly enjoyed the picking of currants,
strawberries, raspberries, cherries, etc.
There is another factor in the out-door life of patients that is of the highest importance outside of the healthful exercise it brings to them, i. e., the
sense of being trusted and the idea of freedom which it brings. It gives patients confidence in self, tends to correct delusional impressions, and awakens
an interest in the work of the institution that is tonic and often curative in effect. Many patients feel as keen an interest in the success of the
farm, its improvement, etc., as if they were its owners. It is in this that the
greatest value of the occupation of patients resides. It would be well if all
patients could enjoy the liberty of the grounds, apparently unattended, on
simple parole with some duty, ever so slight, associated with it. To go out

48

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

in the fields, in the garden or about the grounds, is a pleasure to us all, but
how much more keenly must it be enjoyed by patients who much of their
time live in the narrow confines of a locked ward of the hospital.
The following are the usual statistical tables:
TABLE IV.—Degree of heredity.
For the biennial period.
Males.
Paternal and maternal

...

Paternal remote

None

Total

. __

„

.

Females.

Total.

From the beginning.
Males.

Females .

Total.

2
8
3
7
6

5
8
7
17
11

7
16
10
24
17

21
69
46
88
49

18
77
36
122
59

39
146
82
210
108

7
3
55
57

13
3
49
45

20
6
104
102

77
33
318
732

95
34
340
363

172
67
658
1,095

148

158

306

1,433

1,144

2,577

REPORT

OF THE

MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.

TABLE V.—Occupation of tJwse admitted.
For the biennial period.

From the beginning.

Males. Females. Total.
1
3
1

Baker
Barber

1
3
1

1

2
2

1
1
2
16
1

Cook

Express agent.

1

*

Editor

Males. Females.

1
4
1

6
3
22

3
2
12
1
1

9
5
3t
1
1

2
1
5
1

2
6
36
3
2

5
2
26
1

T
S
62
4
2

1
1
2
16
1

4
4

5
3
7
104
1

9
7
7
104
2
1
2
1
29
1

1

1
1

4

3

7

16

53

45

98

365
3

290
4
1
1

655
7
1
1
1

2
54
1
247
3

3
54
5
851
8

3
18
1
7
10

4
35
1
19
31

5
3
69
1

13
7
39
5
2

18
10
108
6
2

2
38
8
3
1

3
42
2
1

5
80
10
4
1

1
2

1
12
5
5
22

1
5
3
2
14

2
17
8
7
36

7
1
9
2
3

18
1
21
7
6

9
21

Florist

Laborer-

1

1
12

1
12

1
.....

28

69
2

604
5

1
2
2
2
4

1
5

1
17

4
3

12
21

6

1
1

1
1

1
6
1

8~
1

1
14
2

1

1

2

1

41
2

.

Lumberman

_

Physician
Sailor

3

2
1
2

Miller

None
Printer

1

1
1
13
1

Hotel keeper

,

2

Total.

1

1

Soldier
Student -

11

1
1

1

2
1

12
5
3

Tailor
Teacher

1
1
1

1
2

2
3
1

13

14

27

8
7
2
2
64
3

120
2

17
28
2
2
184
5

148

158

306

1,433

1,144

2,577

Weaver
Total

-50

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

TABLE VI.— Nativity of patients admitted.
For the biennial period.
Males.

Alabama
Africa

England

.

Holland
Italy

1

Total.

16

1
2
25

1
1
1
2
41

2

i

3

1

2
2

3
2

2
10
2
5

1
14
1
5

2
1

3

1

_

Females .

From the beginning.
Males. Females.

1
18
1
195

6
3
159

1
1
24
4
354

1
16
1
65
4

3
15
1
36
3

4
31
2
101
7

3
24
3
10

64
119
13
f-2
7

30
99
8
57
2

94
218
21
139
9

5
1

15
7
3

19
6
1
1

34
13
3
1
2

7
5
1
238
1

12
9
1
481
4

29
1

2
57
2
3
4

1

Missouri

._

New York

..

_

Newfoundland
Ohio
Poland

Wales

Total

1

1
1

1
2

5
4

40
2

43

83
2

243
3

1
1
1

4

1
5
1

2
28
1
3
3
142
1
1
58

15

11

26

12

7

19

2

3

4
4
1
1
6

6
4
1
1
9

3
126

3
1

1
1

4
2

18
7

1

1

3
6

1
2
1
20

14

1
2
1
34

2
16
2
96

148

158

306

35
12

1,433

1

Total.

1
1
111
1
63

1
253
2
1
121

25
11
1
1
91

60
23
1
4
217

11
9
1
2
9

29
16
1
5
15

1
15
58

3
31
2
154

1,144

2,577

RECAPITULATION.

Foreign born

153
119
34

1,066
1,357
154

Total

306

2,577

51

REPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.
TABLE VII.—Clinical groups.
For the biennial period.
Males. Females.
4
9
5

2

Total.

From the beginning.
Males. Females.

Total.

6
9
7
5
21

13
108
48
6
49

22
1
29
79
31

35
109
77
85
80

3
18
2

11
102
21
107
290

10
61
19
6
254

21
163
40
113
544

10

2
5
11

Oonsitutional diseaseEpileptic

1
12
1

2
6
1

Neurotic

28

43

71

Neurasthenic
Opium habit
Paretic
Phthisical

14

23
1
1
4

37
1
6
5

163
1
99
17
1

217
3
15
14

380
4
114
31
1

5
15
1
9
7

9
15

21

22
19

12
67
40

16
158
16
56
13

37
158
28
123
53

5
4

2
6
12

7
10
29

32
•67
158

5

n

107

37
79
265

148

158

306

Climacteric..

Po&t-febrile
Puerperal.
Pubescence
Senile

-

5
1
4

„

Traumatic
Toxic .

^

_-

--

Total

.

*

3
13
12

1,433

12

1,144

2,577

TABLE VIII.—Duration of disease previous to admission.
For the biennial period.

I

Five years and under tenTwenty years and over

Total

_

Females.

Total

Males. Females . Total.

8

29
11
8
3
10

55
20
19
3
18

236
138
91
20
161

190
106
75
24
96

426
244
166
44
257

21
10
14
18
36

18
15
28
14
22

39
25
42
27
58

241
129
136
64
217

192
139
151
67
104

433
268
287
131
321

148

158

306

26
9
11

Two months and under five-Wine months and under twelve One year and under two

Males.

From the beginning.

1,433

1,144

2,577

52

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.

TABLE IX.—Civil condition of patients admitted.
For the biennial period.
Males.
Married _
Single
Widowed

•

Unascertained
Total

Females,

Total.

From the beginning.
Males.

Females. Total.

72
55
5
5
11

100
39
12
5
2

172
94
17
10
13

563
721
64
20
65

769
237
107
24
7

1,332
958
171
44
74

148

158

306

1,433

1,144

2,557

TABLE X.—Aye of patients admitted.
For the biennial period.

From the beginning.

1

Males.

Females. Total.

Males. Females.

Total.

16 to
21 to
26 to
31 to

20
25
30
35

9
15
14
12

9
5
lii
21
25

2
14
27
35
37

11
82
175
205
163

8
50
108
163
166

19
132
283
368
329

36 to
41 to
46 to
51 to

40
45
50
55

14
23
19
8

28
20
15
10

42
43
34
18

189
158
94
73

176
128
104
67

365
286
19i
140

14
14
6

9
6
5

23
20
11

62
86
38
97

49
61
21
43

111
174
59
140

148

158

306

1,433

1,144

2,571

56 to 60
61 to 70
70 and upwards

Total

-

-

53

REPORT OP THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.
TABLE XI.—Probable exciting causes.
For the biennial period.
Males. Females.

Disappointed affections

Fever .
Fright
111 health

1
3
7
7

12
2

1
5
10
1
4

7
16
5

15
11
2
6
1

Phthisis

Syphilis
Sexual excesses.
Unascertained

Total

.. ..

Total.

From the beginning.
Males. Females.

Total.

13
5
7
15
1

19
40
34
47

63
16
28
23

82
56
34
75
23

8
21
15
1
7

9
19
107
3
27

14
50
67
5
16

23
69
174
8
43

1
2

1
41
11
1
4

7
108
181
13
9

16
163
4
2
11

23
271
185
15
20

1
2
2
11

7
2
3
11

15
11
12
161

1
45
14
15
161

8
2

8
2

22
16
4
13

22
19
8
37
57
74
4
11
94
40
713
161

8
1

3
1
26

1
30
3
3

13

1

14

3
4
24

7
10

5
7

12
17

27
58

1

5

6

6

30
16
4
5

7
6
20
10

7
2
18
3

14
8
38
13

49
34
422
146

45
6
291
15

148

158

308

1,433

1,144

2,577

54

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
TABLE XII.—Residence of patients admitted.
From the beginning.

For the biennial period.
Males.

Bay

•
-

.

Delta
Eaton

Males.
47
30
7
5

3
4
3

9
6
3

6

2
8

8
8
2

1

2
1

18
6

4

3

7

1
6

1
2
2

2
'8
2

30
15
23
22
30

2

_

Total.

6
2

2

Clare

Females.

1
11
12
21

1

75
144
38
84
119
57
29
1
139
5

91
36
26
7
6
34
6

3
'1

87
27
26
11
7
30
8
4
6
7

2
5

178
63
52
18
13
64
14
4
8
12

2

4

5
1
4
27
1
52
8
103
88
2,577

4
3

5
5

20
25
2
10

Kalkaska

3
1

7
1

10
2

7
11
8

1
2

1
2
3

1
3
5

6

5

11

3
3

5

8
3

5
4

6
2

11
6

42
87
20
49
88
22
17

9
1

9

18
1

75
3

14
3
3
2

16
3
2
1

30
6
5
3

3

1
1

4
1

i
11
21
2

11

1
St. Clair
Schoolcraft

.

Total

2

1
2

I
4

5
23

5
37

10
60

26
6
84
39

1
1
2
7
1
26
2
19
49

148

158

306

1,433

1,144

_

Wexford
State

1

_

21
38
49
60
2
1
22
19

33
57
18
35
31
35
12
1
64
2

1

1
2

3
1

27
14
1
58
22
38
31
51
2
2

25
17
16
1
3
28
39
5
1
24

1
Isabella

Midland

9
8
1
28
7
15
9
21
2
1

3

14
14

Kent .
Lake

5
13
9
18

84
62
15
14
1
1
16
25
9
39

37
32
8
9
1

18
6
8
1
2
17
18
3
1
13

4
6

-

Total.

41
92
106
157
2
1
42
44
2
13

20
54
57
97

10
8

Gratiot .

Females.

2
20

REPORT OF THE MEDICAL

SUPERINTENDENT.

55

ESTIMATES OF SPECIAL APPROPRIATIONS.
The following are the estimates of special appropriations requested by
the Board of Trustees of the asylum and submitted to the State Board of
Corrections and Charities for their approval, as required by law:
To the State Board of Corrections and Charities.
GENTLEMEN: I submit below the estimates of special appropriations
requested by the Board of Trustees of the Northern Michigan Asylum for
new buildings, land purchase, fire-proof vault, pathological laboratory, additional library, electric storage battery, and home for women nurses, for the
years 1899 and 1900, as provided by Section 6, Act 86, Laws of 1889.
I. HOSPITAL FOR ACUTELY INSANE. (50 MEN.)
a. Labor and Material:
48 cords stone in walls @ $12_
600 M brick in walls @ $10
Cut stone sills and water table
38,000 feet rough lumber for joists, rafters, etc
100,000 shingles @ $2.50
15,000 feet matched lumber @ $12
18,000 feet matched lumber @ $15
15,000feet dressed lumber @ $10
5,100 yards plastering @ 20c
1,500 yards painting @ ^5c
61 doors, frames, locks, all complete, @ $15
89 windows, complete, @ $12
32 windows, complete, @ $7
15,000 feet lumber® $15
10,000 feet lumber @ $25
5,000feet matched lumber @ $20
Hardware, nails and tin work
f.OO feet cornice @ 50c
Carpenter work and labor

__

1576 00
6,000 00
449 00
304 00
250 00
180 00
170 00
150 00
1,02000
375 00
915 00
1,068 00
224 00
225 00
250 00
10000
350 00
250 00
1,700 00
$14,556 00

b. Heating and Ventilating:
American Blower System
c. Furnishing
d. Electric Lights:
Clark's Underwriters's wire, fixtures, cutouts, switches, lamps, labor, etc..
e. Plumbing:
Sinks, baths, sewer and sewer connections, and labor

3,500 00
1,500 00
150 00
294 00
$20,000 00

II. HOSPITAL FOR ACUTELY INSANE. (50 WOMEN.)
Specifications same as above

$20,000 00

56

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

III. FIRE-PKOOF VAULT.
a. Labor and Material:
5 cords stone @ $12
48.000 brick in wall @ $10
168 feet tile floor @ 40c
31 feet steel i beams, 12 in
90 feet iron platform @ 40c
Wrought iron work and bolts
.
1 vestibule, fire-proof, iron door and frame
3% sq. tin roof @ $8
50 feet cut stone, water table, @ 50c
150 yards plastering @ 25c
Shelving, stairs, etc
Painting
Concrete work
Locks
Carpenter work and lumber

$60
480
67
22
36
15
75
26
25
37
100
25
45
20
150

00
00
20
92
00
00
00
00
00
50
00
00
00
00
00

$1,184 62
b. Electric Lights:
Clark's & Underwriter's wire, fixtures, switches, lamps, etc..

15 38
$1,200 00

IV. PATHOLOGICAL LABORATORY.
a. Labor and Material:
15,000 brick in wall @ $10
160 yards plastering @ 25c
6 windows, complete, @ $9
2 doors, complete, @$12
600 feet
flooring
1,000 feet joist
5sq. tin roof @ $8
1,500 feet lumber @ $16
._.
60 feet steel I beams
Stairs and carpenter work connecting with corridor
Painting

___

b. Plumbing, steam-fitting and electric wiring, lamps, switches, wire, etc,.c. Scientific apparatus:
Verdin's Aesthesiometer, graduated weights, Olfactometer, Elb's muscle
sense apparatus, Slooum's cape, Bacteriological apparatus, etc

$150 00
40 00
54 00
24 00
13 00
10 00
40 00
24 00
50 00
150 00
28 00
$583 00
125 00
792 00
$1,500 00

V. ADDITIONAL LIBRARY

$500 00

VI. ELECTRIC STORAGE BATTBRY.
(65 accumulative cells, switchboard and booster)

$7,200 00

VII. ADDITIONAL LAND.
40 acres._.

$2,00000

REPORT OF THE

MEDICAL

57

SUPERINTENDENT.

VIII. HOME FOR WOMEN NURSES.
a. Labor and Material:
27 cords stone in wall® $12
140,000 brick in wall @ $10
Cut stone door and window sills
20,000 feet rough lumber @ $8
39,000 shingles @ $2.50
„
1,400 yards plastering @ 20c
40 windows @ $9
12 windows @ $5
22 doors, complete, @ $10
5,000 feet maple flooring @ 122
1 grate and mantel
600 yards painting @ 25c
10,000 feet lumber @ $LO
10,000 feet lumber $25
6,000 feet lumber @ $16
Hardware, nails, tin work, carpenter work and labor

.

„

..
__ _

$324 00
1,400 00
J50 00
160 00
75 00
280 00
360 00
60 00
220 00
110 00
50 00
150 00
100 00
250 00
96 00
600 00
$4010 00
990 00
450 00

b. Heating, Lighting and Plumbing
c. Furniture and furnishing

$5,450 00
IX. BATH HOUSE FOR MALES.
a. Labor and Material:
98,000 brick in wall @ $10
8 cords stone in wall @ $12
5,000 feet joist lumber® $8.
15 windows @ $12
7 doors @ $15

L__

2,000 feet maple flooring @ $22
480 feet tile floor @ 40o
3,000 feet matched lumber @ $16
19 sq. tin roof @ $8
24 feet steel I beams, 25 Ibs. per foot
2,000 feet finishing lumber
Stairs
Carpenter work
Painting
'b.
c.
•d.
c.
f.

Boxes for ,clothes room
5 rain baths
Heating apparatus, etc
Sewer and sewer connections
Electric wiring, fixtures, etc

.__
..

$980 00
96 00
40 00
180 00

._

105 00

__
_

.

44 00
192 00
48 00
152 00
14 00
50 00
200 00
224 00
50 00
$2,375 00
275 00
200 00
50000
50 00
100 00
$3,500 00

X. BATH HOUSE FOR WOMEN.
Specifications same as above

$3,500 00

In connection with the proposed new buildings, floor plans and specifications are herewith submitted.
SUMMARY.

Hospital for acutely insane (50 men)
Hospital for acutely insane (50 women)
Fire-proof vault
"Pathological laboratory
Additional library.
Electric storage battery
Additional land
]Home for women nurses
Bath house for males
Bathhouse for women

$20,000 00
20,000 00
1,200 00
1,500 00
500 00
7,200 00
2,000 00
5,450 00
3,500 00
3,500 00

58

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

The following is the report of the State Board of Corrections and Charities upon the above requests for special appropriations:
STATE OP MICHIGAN.
)
BOAKD OF CORRECTIONS AND CHARITIES, [•
Lansing, Oct. 24, 1898.
)
JAMES D. MUNSON, M. D., Medical Superintendent Northern Michigan Asylum for the
Insane, Traverse City, Mich.:
DEAR SIR:—Your communication to the State Board of Corrections and Charities in
which is su omitted for its consideration and opinion the proposed appropriations for
the Northern Michigan Asylum for the Insane for the years 1899 and 1900, was duly
received. The asylum was visited and its "conditions and needs investigated." The
Board has carefully considered the appropriations proposed, and respectfully submit
herewith its opinion of the same.
Two hospital buildings for acutelv insane, one for
men and one for women, $20,000"each
$40,000 00
Believing this to be a move in the direction of securing a more curative treatment of
acute cases of insanity, which is beyond question most desirable, this Board favors such
effort. The estimated cost is, ia the opinion of the Board reasonable, and the item is
approved.
Fire proof vault
$1,200 00
A mass of valuable records and documents have accumulated at your institution
since its opening in 1885. These should certainly be protected from loss, a loss which
in many cases would prove irreparable. The item is approved.
Pathological Lab jratory
__. $1,500 00
To aid the pathologist, who has been appointed by the board of regents of our State
University to make scientific investigations of diseased mental states in our several1
asylums for the insane, it is deemed essential that a small and well equipped laboratory
should be provided in which such investigation can be made. The item is approved.
Addition to library
$50000. Approved.
Electric storage battery
7,20000
The saving secured by such a battery in the running of engines and generators during the night, as is now necessary, obviating, as it will, a night corps of engineers and
firemen, as well as securing a saving in fuel, is a convincing argument in favoring a
storage battery. The estimated cost is based on exact prices asked for a complete
plant, and will be required; the item is approved.
Additional land, forty acres, $50.
$2,000 00
The Board is of opinion that any expenditure for land at your institution at this
time, should not be made, and the item is not approved.
Home for women nurses
$5,450 00
While the long hours on duty, and faithful services rendered by these attendants is
recognized, still in consideration of the large aggregate of appropriations asked, this
Board cannot, at this time, favor this item.
Bath-houses, one for men and one for women,
$3,500 each
$7,000 00
The rain and shower baths which are becoming more and more favored and used in
hospitals for the insane the Board believe in, and wou'd favor; but would suggest that
for the present some of the bath rooms now in use be equipped with such baths, that
tubs be removed, except in hospital wards, and the shower be substituted In thisway a large saving will be made over the amount of the appropriation asked, which is.
of importance, and at the same time the object sought by the erection of special bath,
houses will, to quite an extent, be accomplished.
Yours respectfully,
L. 0. STORKS, Secretary.
GEORGE D. GILLESPIE,
Chairman.

REPORT OF THE MEDICAL SUPERINTENDENT.

59

CHAPEL SERVICES.

Chapel services have been regularly conducted by the Chaplain, Kev. D.
Cochlin, assisted by Eevs. A. E. Wells, G. S. JSforthrup, M. A. Kelsey, W. K.
Wright and C. T. Stout. The chapel services, as in former years, have been
largely attended, and a source of much benefit and comfort to our people.
ACKNOWLEGMENTS.

The institution returns thanks to the editors of the following papers for
donations of their journals for the use of patients:
Alpena Argus.
Deaf Mute Mirror.
Michigan State Democrat.

Big Rapids Herald.
Grand Traverse Herald.
Traverse Bay Eagle.

Cheboygan Tribune.
Index and Review.
Triumphs of Faith.

We are also greatly indebted to C. L. Lockwood, Gen. Pass. Agt. G. R.
& I. K. R. for regular donations of papers and journals. I would most sincerely thank, on behalf of the patients, all who have contributed in any way
to their comfort and pleasure.
I would express my thanks to the members of the medical staff for the
painstaking manner in which they have performed their duties, and also for
the many acts of personal kindness they have extended to me. I would alsoexpress to the steward and to the chiefs of the various departments of the
institution my appreciation of the efficient manner in which they have peiv
formed their several duties.
I am under renewed obligations to the Board of Trustees, and sincerely
thank them for the interest they have taken in the affairs of the institution,
and for the advice and aid that they have given to me in the discharge of my
duties.
Respectfully submitted,
JAMES D. MUNSON",
Medical Superintendent.
Traverse City, Michigan,
October 11, 1898.

OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES
OP THE NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM, AND THE WAGES OR
SALARIES PAID TO EACH, JUNE 30, 1898, AS REQUIRED
BY SECTION 2, ACT 206, LAWS 1881:

Name.
A. S. Rowley
Robert Howell
Guy L. Noyes.
F. P. Lawton
C. L. Whitney
J. T. Hannah
T. H. A. Tregea
C. M. Prall
Geo. B. Kilbourne
S, G. Howard
H. P. Lewis
Hans Tobler
J. Anderson
J. W. Brainard
F. Benjamin
Hattie Booth
J. J. Brown
E. Brainard
B. P. Burns.
K. Bliss
M, Campbell
L. Cunningham

(i

Service.

Rate.

it

$3,000 00
1,600 00
1,100 00
1,000 00
800 00
1,600
250
500
1,200
45

00
00
00
00
00

1,200 00
110 00
70 00
30 00
40 00
20 CO
55 00
32 00
55 00
27 00
14
14
14
19
19

00
00
00
00
00

22
28
19
22
18

00
00
00
00
00

32
12
12
26
19

Time.

U

li

It

li

tt

tl

l«
4t

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IS

It

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tt

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11

tt

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tt

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tt
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u

41

(t

tt

(i

00
00
00
00
00

tt

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t«

D. Connor
M. Clark
D. Cox
E. G. Cox -

22
22
12
30
36

00
00
00
00
00

C. Conkright
Eva Cox
J. R, Gates
F. A. Cross
€. E. Culbert.

30
21
26
24
19

00
00
00
00
00

11

It

tt

(I

tt

11

it

41

tt

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U

44

"
14

Resident.
44

it

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.

61

OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES.
OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES-CONTINUED.
Name.

Service.

H. Conklin _

Kate.

Attendant..
ii
tt
i«

B, Doan
W B.Davis

«19
12
22
19
19

n

8. Daggett
Eli Davis

1
I

Vollie Drake

(

-

4

,
i

Chas. Easterday
E. M. Faxon
M. Flint
H, J. Finton
A, Furtney
G. E. Graham
M. Goodell

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_ „_

((

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u
l>

Mary Hayes-

Attendant
(i

Ray Hobson

ti
H

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F. M. Hale

„
K
H

Edna Hart
8. Hayes
Ch^s H King
A. E Knight
D W Kelley
L, Kelley

H
»l

U
tl
„
tt
K

H, D. Lee

't
H
l(

K, Mo bio

E. G. McEvoy.
F McCarn
J. H. McAllister
F. G. North
E. North
V. A- Patrick W, S Purple
N. Purple
S. A Potter
E,. Pierce
L. Hobbins
E. Schug

Domestic
Attendant
«
,,
it
t(

M
"

,i
'I
M
"
U
,
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'
*
V

00
00
00
00
00

Per month.

Resident.

it.
(t

u
I

U

I

20
20
26
22
26

00
00
00
00
00

11-

1

12
38
26
32
14

00
00
00
00
00

16 CO
18 00
30 00
14 00
24 00

*l

B. Gilbert
O. Hoppes-

Time-.

.

U

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It
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u

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11

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Resident.

12
12
26
15
20

00
00
00
00
00

14
26
12
24
24

00
00
00
00
00

28
18
34
14
22

00
00
00
00
00

36
28
32
20
16

00
00
00
00
00

32
28
16
19
19

00
00
00
00
00

12
10
24
14
12

00
00
00
00
00

it

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kt
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16
24
22
32
18

00
UO
00
00
00

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11.

32 00
34 00
18 00
28 UO
14 00
22
24
14
14
20

00
00
00
00
00

I

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Resident.

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Non-resident,.
Resident.
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62

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES—CONTINUED.
Name.

Service.
Attendant

Oreo. W. Seed...
Chas. Stanfield.

u
it
It

Wm Smith

I

C. C. Saunders
Mary E, Stewart

I
t
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-

„
u

Winfieid Scott
Celia Theobald
John Tulle r
•Grant Taylor

tt
ti
i
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Lou R.Taylor

(

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Guy Van Antwerp
F. Watson
E. Walsh
H. Walsh
T. Whitfield.
Minnie Wall
Elsie Middleton

u

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it
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_. -.

E. C Kent
H W. Pierce
Wm, Westen
O. Skiver
M. Kitscher
C, Seymour „
E Arnold
A. Denki
N. Chatsey
M. Stanek
J. Pomozal
M. Young.
J. Seymour.. _
F. McAvoy
Ira Curtis.
E. Thies
E. Lavender.
S. Farrow-

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Cook
Assistant cook. _ _

tt

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F. Wilhelm
W. Moore
C. StockingW. H- Lockhart
Wm. Bloodgood
N. Pendleton
Greo. Swan.,
J. Rattenbury
Joe Donner.
C. Dutton

(1

11

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u

tt
tt

Baker

it
tl

Time.

Rate.
$19
34
12
22
19

00
00
00
00
00

12
28
18
19
14

00
00
00
00
00

26
24
12
12
14

00
00
00
00
00

30
22
22
20
12

00
00
00
00
00

28
22
14
14
24

00
00
00
00
00

28
26
22
13
28

00
00
00
00
00

53
45
35
18
16

00
00
00
00
00

15
15
14
14
14

00
00
00
00
00

13
12
12
12
12

00
00
00
00
00

10
1,000
37
18
19

00
00
50
00
00

18
20
40
16
16

00
00
00
00
00

16
18
12
16
15

00
00
00
00
00

16
65
27
18
60

00
00
00
00
00

Per month. Resident.
Non-resident.
^Resident.
tt
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Non-resident.
Resident.
it

11

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Resident.
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Per annum.
Per month.
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Non-resident.
ti
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Resident.
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Non-resident.

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Resident.
N on- resident

OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES.

63

OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES—CONCLUDED.
Name.
L. Hewitt
H P Housler

Service.
Assistant engineer
Fireman

E. Porter
•O. P. Stevens- ...
E. D. Frink
T. Dumbrille.

Teamster.
*'
'i

Barnman
"

S. W. Whitcomb
E. Rieer.
F. A.Wright
"W Fraser
F. Nagel
I. Maas - ..
-3. Ludka .
*Wm Maas
L. Panek
H.Peterson.
J. M . Blacken

Laborer

C. Getchell
L. Strack . __
S. H. McMichael I
Bert Wilhelm

,,
*i
"
n
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„

1 25
1 25
1 50
1 50
1 80

(,

"

Non-resident.
Resident.

Per day.

Non-resident.

It

U

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U

u

u

((

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1 50
1 50
1 25
1 25
1 50

U
It
11
(f
((

1 50
1 50
1 25
1 25
1 50

(i

u
11
**
(1
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Blacksmith
Carpenter

1 50
1 75
1 75
2 50
1 75
2 00
200
2 00
2 00
2 00

u
((
u

Mason
(t
tt
i,

C. O. Blacken
S. H. Toombs
iF. A. Randall
Benj . Roe

Per month. Resident.

1 25
1 25
1 25
1 75
1 25

(t

JohnBilski
Jens C. Peterson
J. M. Spedding

25 00
20 00
20 00
22 00
2800

1 25
1 25
1 25
1 50
1 75

"
M
(1

Ed. Taylor
A. H. Bennett
S. B.Howard

00
00
00
00
00

(t
**
K

M

J. W. Haggard
•O. S.Ayres
-J. L. Snyder.
W, Perry
•C . Tromtn
-J. L. thinton
A. Randall
'F. Pheips
W. D. Hollisfier

$30
25
25
25
25

Time.

20 00
25 00
20 00
20 00
2000

u
('
"

I. D Hobbs
L. M. Aldrich.

Rate.

And team.
»t

u

11

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Mason overseer

200
3 00
3 00
3 00
300
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
3 00
6 00

LAWS GOVERNING THE ASYLUM.

The act organizing the asylums of Michigan and providing for the
admission, maintenance, and discharge of patients is known as Public Act
135, Laws of 1885.
GOVERNMENT.

SEC. 10. Each board of trustees is hereby directed and empowered to establish
such by-laws as it may deem necessary and expedient for regulating the appointment
and duties of officers, attendants and assistants; for fixing the conditions of admission,
support, and discharge of patients, and for conducting in a proper manner the business
of the institution under its charge; also to ordain and enforce a suitable system of rules
and regulations for the internal government, discipline and management of the asylum.
ADMISSION OP PATIENTS.

The following by-laws govern the admission of patients:
First, Indigent and pauper insane will be admitted upon orders granted by the
proper officers, in accordance with the laws of the State, and no indigent or pauper
insane persons shall be admitted without such authority;
Second, Pay patients (or private patients) can only be admitted to the asylum for
care and treatment upon compliance with the following requirements :
(a.) The certificates of two reputable physicians, under oath, appointed by the
Judge of Probate of the county where the alleged insane person resides, possessing the
qualifications required by Section 22, Public Act No. 135, Laws of 1885, as amended by
Act No. 220, Laws of 1889, and the certificate of the county clerk.
(b.) A bond in the sum of one thousand dollars, duly executed by two persons of
responsibility, to be approved by the Medical Superintendent, shall be delivered to the
Superintendent at the time of the admission of the patient, obligating the bondsman
to pay all the patient's expenses while in the Asylum.
(c.) An order from the Judge of Probate of the county of the patient's residence,
committing him (or her) to the Asylum as a private patient.
(d.) Pay for thirteen weeks' board and treatment must be made in advance of the
admission of the patient.
No patient shall be detained in the'Asylum after the medical superintendent
shall determine that he is of sane mind.
Indigent insane persons are admitted on the orders of Judges of Probate,
in accordance with the provisions of Sections 23 and 24, Act 135, Laws of
1885, as amended by act 44, Laws of 1897:
SEC. 23. When a person in indigent circumstances, and not a pauper, becomes
insane, application may be made in his behalf to the Judge of Probate of the county
where said insane person shall be at the time such application is made and said Judge
of Probate shall immediately notify such alleged insane person of such application, and
of the time and place of hearing to be held thereon, and shall also summon to appear
before him at the same time, the guardian, if such alleged insane person have a guardian, also such relatives as are legally liable for the support of such person, which

LAWS GOVERNING

THE ASYLUM.

65

summons may be served in any county of the State, and shall also notify any person
having said alleged insane person in charge or custody, and shall also call two legally
qualified physicians, and in his discretion, other credible witnesses, and also immediately notify the prosecuting attorney of the county and the supervisor of the township,
or the supervisor or alderman of the ward in which said insane person resides, if his
residence is in said application claimed to be in the said county, of the time and place
of such hearing, whose duty it shall be to attend said examination, and act in behalf of
said county, and said Judge of Probate may appoint a guardian ad litem to represent
such insane person upon said hearing, and said Judge of Probate shall fully investigate
the facts in the case and may summon a jury at his discretion. He shall summon a
jury whenever requested by such alleged insane person, or by any relative legally liable for his support, or by the prosecuting attorney of the county, and either with or
without the verdict of the jury, as the case may be, shall determine the question of
insanity and also the question of indigence, but this decision as to indigence shall not
be conclusive ; and if the Judge of Probate, after such hearing, shall certify that satisfactory proof has been adduced, showing that such person is insane, and his estate
insufficient to support him and his family, or, if he has no family, himself, under the
visitation of insanity, on his certificate under seal of the probate court of said county,
he shall be admitted into the asylum and supported therein at the expense of the
county to which he belongs, until he shall be restored to soundness of mind, if effected
within two years, or until otherwise ordered; or at the expense of the State, if the
Judge of Probate shall find that such insane person has no legal settlement in any
county in this State, or is unable to find from the evidence where that settlement is,
provided the said insane person is a citizen of the State, and the Judge of Probate
shall in no case grant such certificate until fully satisfied of the indigence of such
insane person. If it shall appear on said hearing, to said Judge of Probate, that such
indigent insane person has relatives legally liable for bis support, said Judge of Probate shall also at the said hearing, or at some adjourned day thereof, investigate fully
as to the financial ability of such relatives of said insane person as are legally liable
for his support. If said Judge of Probate shall be satisfied on such hearing that said
insane person has relatives legally liable for his support, who are able to contribute to
the support of such insane person, he may make an order requiring the payment by
such relatives of such sum or sums as said Judge of Probate may find they are reasonably able to pay, not exceeding, however, in all the sum of two hundred dollars per
year. Said order shall require the payment of such sums to the county treasurer of
such county, and may require such payments to be made annually, semi-annually or
quarterly as the said judge may direct. Said Probate Judge 'shall furnish the said
county treasurer of said county a copy of such order, and it shall be the duty of the
county treasurer to collect the sums therein named, and to turn the same into the
county treasury so long as such patient is a county charge, and when such patient
becomes a State charge, to pay over the moneys so collected by him quarterly to the
State treasurer. If such relatives, so ordered to pay shall neglect or refuse to do so,
the county treasurer shall notify the superintendent of the poor of said county, and
also shall notify the prosecuting attorney of the county of such neglect or refusal, and
said prosecuting attorney shall proceed by action to be brought in the name of the
superintendents of the poor of said county to collect such sum. If any person so
ordered to contribute to the support of such insane person shall at any time become
unable to pay the sum so ordered, such person may make application to the Judge of
Probate by petition setting forth the facts; said judge shall hear the evidence thereon,
and if satisfied that such person is no longer able to contribute such sum, may vacate
or modify said order. The Judge of Probate in any proceeding provided herein shall
have power to compel the attendance of witnesses and jurors, and shall file the certificates of the physicians taken under oath, and other papers in his office, and enter the
proper orders in the journal of the probate court in his office, and he may appoint a
proper person 6r persons to take such insane person to the asylum, who shall receive
as pay for such services the sum of three dollars per day, together with his necessary
expenses, to be paid upon the certificate of the Judge of Probate under the seal of the
probate court by the county treasurer of such county upon presentation to him, and
out of the general fund of such county or any other fund available for that purpose.
Whenever any person is committed to the Asylum on the order of the Judge of Probate as an indigent insane person, and it shall also appear to said Judge of Probate on
the hearing thereon that such insane person has an estate, or has any income, annuity
or pension which is not sufficient to support him and his family, if he have one, under
the visitation of insanity, and yet is sufficient to admit of the payment of something
thereto, and if it further appears to said judge of probate that such person has no
family, or that he has a family whose support and maintenance does not require the

66

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

whole of such estate, income, annuity or pension, then the said judge of probate may
on the hearing had before him, wherein the parties interested have been euly cited to
appear, as hereinbefore provided, make an order requiring the guardian or other person having control of such estate, income, annuity or pension, to pay the same or such
part thereof as said judge of probate shall determine, to the county treasurer of such
county, to be by said treasurer turned into the county treasury while such insane person is a county charge, and into the State Treasury when such insane per, eon becomes a state charge, as hereinbefore provided. If such guardian shall neglect
or refuse to pay over said moneys to the county treasurer, as provided in said order,
the said judge of probate shall cite such guardian to appear before him at such time
as he may direct, to render an account of all moneys or other property in his hands as
as such guardian, and on his failure to appear or render such account, the said judge of
probate may remove such guardian and appoint some other suitable person in his place.
The said judge of probate shall thereupon refer the matter to the prosecuting attorney
of said county, who shall enforce payment of the sums provided in said order by proper
action. The said judge of probate, pending any proceeding taken to commit any
indigent insane person to any asylum in this state, may if it shall appear upon the certificate of two physicians to be necessary and essential so to do, commit such person
into the custody of the superintendents of the poor of said county, the sheriff of his
county or to the asylum of the district in which such insane person resides, to be
detained until such application can be heard and determined. Provided, however,
that the period of such detention shall not exceed in all fourteen days, and all the
expenses thereof shall be paid by the county treasurer upon the certificate of the
judge of probate under the seal of the probate court out of the general fund of said
county, or any other fund available for said purpose. If the probate judge shall at any
such hearing find that the person is insane but is not in indigent circumstances, he
may make an order admitting such insane person to any asylum in this state, public or
private, as a private patient. If the Probate Judge shall find such indigent insane person a State charge, as hereinbefore provided, he shall certify his finding upon the question of settlement to the Secretary of State and to the medical superintendent of the
asylum to which said insane person has been sent, and the State shall become
responsible for the maintaining of said insane person. The Judge of Probate shall
report the result of his proceedings to the supervisors of his county, and shall also state
in-his report all cases in which he has required by order as herein provided for payment by relatives to the support of the insane person, or the application of his estate,
income, annuity or pension thereto, and the respective amounts so ordered to be paid.
The county treasurer shall also report to the Board of Supervisors the amounts colcollected by him on such orders. It shall be the duty of the Board of Supervisors at
the next annual mpeting thereafter to raise money requisite to meet the expenses of
support accordingly.
The provisions of this section secure the benefits of the institution to a
class by far more numerous than any other in this State, who. though
possessed of some property, find it insufficient to meet the expenses of treatment and the support of the family at the same time. It also permits those
who are able to assume a certain proportion of such expense, according to
their ability. The form of order arranged in accordance with the requirements of this section, copies of which may be procured at the asylum, is as
follows:
STATE OF MICHIGAN, >
County of
J 8PEOBATB COUBT FOE SAID COUNTY.

At a session of the said probate court, holden at the probate office in the
of
.. .
on the
day of
A. D. 1
Present
Judge of Probate.
In the matter of
an indigent insane person (or pauper).
This day having been assigned for hearing the petition now on file in this court
alleging that
a
of
in said county (or that his
residence is unknown), is insane, and praying that the said
___
may be admitted to the Northern Michigan Asylun: for the Insane at Traverse City,
there to be supported at the expense of the county of
and having

LAWS GOVERNING

THE ASYLUM.

67

notified the said insane person, and the other persons and officials required by law -to
be notified of the time and place of hearing said petition, and having filed the certificates, taken under oath, of
and
two legally qualified physicians, and having taken the testimony of other credible
witness, and having inquired into h
settlement and having fully investigated the
facts in the case with
the verdict of a jury as to the question of insanity,
I, the judge of probate in and for said county, do find that the said
is in indigent circumstances
(or a pauper), and certify that satisfactory proof has been adduced showing the said
to be insane, and that he has
acquired a legal settlement in said county, (or that he has not acquired a legal settlement in said county, but that he has a legal residence in the county of
in said State, or that his legal residence is unknown and that h
estate is insufficient to support h
and h
family under the visitation of insanity.
It is therefore ordered, that the said
be admitted into
said asylum and there supported at the expense of the county of
until restored to soundness of mind, if effected within two years, and until otherwise
ordered, and that said proceedings be reported to the board of supervisors of said
county at their next annual meeting.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of said
probate court, at
this
day
of__
., A. D. 1-.
Judge of Probate.
I hereby appoint and direct
to take
said
to the Northern Michigan Asylum
for the Insane, with full power and authority for that purpose.
Judge of Probate.
STATE OF MICHIGAN, )
County of
\I,
, judge of probate for said county, do
hereby certify that the within and foregoing is a true copy of original order made by
me.
In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of the
probate court for said county of
, at
in said county, this
day of
, A. D. 1
[SEAL.]
Judge of Probate.

Dependent or pauper insane persons are admitted on orders of judges of
probate granted in accordance with the following section:
SEO. 26. The county superintendents of the poor of any county, or any supervisor of
any city or town to which a person who shall become insane may be chargeable by
reason of being a pauper, shall make application to the probate judge of said county,
who shall proceed to inquire into the question of the insanity of said person, and for
the purpose of such inquiry shall call upon and may compel the attendance of one or
more legally qualified physicians, and such other witnesses as he may deem necessary,
and if satisfied of the insanity uf said person, said probate judge shall make the same
certificate and order for admission into the insane asylum, and the same record and
report as are required to be made, by section twenty-three of this act, in the case of an
insane person in indigent circumstances.

The form of order is the same as prescribed for indigent patients under
Section 23.
Pay patients (or private patients) are admitted in accordance with the following sections of Act 135, laws of 1885, as amended by Act 220, laws of
1889, Act No. 204, laws of 1895, and Act No. 120, laws of 1897:
SEC. 21. No person who is a resident of this state shall be held as a private patient
in any asylum, public or private, or in any institution, home or retreat, for the care or
treatment of the insane, except upon the certificates of two reputable physicians under
oath, appointed by the judge of probate of the county where such alleged insane per-

68

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

son resides to conduct an examination, and an order from said judge of probate setting
forth that the said person is insane and directing his removal to an asylum or institution for the care of the insane. When the relatives or friends of any insane person
shall make application in his behalf for an order admitting him to any asylum, public
or private, or to any institution, home or retreat for the care or treatment of the insane, to the judge of probate of the county where he resides, the judge of probate shall
institute an inquest and take proofs as to the alleged insanity before granting such
order, and shall immediately notify such alleged insane person of such application and
of the time and place of hearing to be held therein, and any relative or other person
having such alleged insane person in charge or custody shall likewise be notified of
said time and place of hearing and the judge of probate may appoint a guardian ad
htem to represent such insane person Jpon such hearing and shall fully investigate
the facts and if the judge of probate shall deem it necessary or if such alleged insane
persjn shall so demand, a jury of twelve freeholders having the qualifications required
of jurors in courts of record, shall be summoned to determine the question of insanity
and whenever a jury is demanded the court shall proceed to the selection of such jury
in the same manner as provided for the selection of a jury for the condemnation of land
for railroad purposes and such jury shall determine the question of the sanity or insanity of the alleged insane person, and the said judge of probate pending such proceedings, if it shall appear to be necessary and essential so to do, such alleged insane
person may be placed in the custody of some suitable person, or may be moved to the
asylum of the district in which said insane person resides, or to any hospital, home or
retreat, to be detained until such application can be heard and determined:
Provided, however, That the period of such temporary detention shall not exceed
in all fourteen days, and all the expenses thereof shall be paid by the petitioner or out
of the estate of said alleged insane person. Such alleged insane person shall have the
right to be present at such hearing, unless it shall be made to appear to the judge of
probate either by certificate of the medical superintendent of the asylum or the officers
in charge of such hospital, home or retreat to which he may have been temporarily
committed, or by the certificate of two reputable physicians, that his condition is such
as to render his removal from the institution for that purpose or his appearing at such
hearing improper and unsafe. Ihe said judge of probate shall, if satisfactory evidence
is adduced, showing the alleged insane person to be of unsound mind and in need of
care or treatment in an asylum, home or retreat, grant an order for the commitment of
such insane person to such institution, there to be supported as a private patient. Before making his order committing an insane person as a private patient to any of the
public asylums supported by this state, the judge of probate shall require the petitioner or friends of such insane person to enter into such bond for the support of such
insane person thereat as may be provided by the by-laws thereof and to pay such sum
to the medical superintendent or treasurer thereof as an evidence payment towards his
support as such by-laws may require, which bond shall be signed by at least two sureties to be approved by such judge of probate, and said judge of probate at the request
of the medical superintendent of the asylum in which any insane person may be committed as a private patient, may require such sureties to justify their responsibility
anew or order that a new bond be filled in the place and instead therefor:
The order of the Judge of Probate shall be substantially in the following form:
STATE or MICHIGAN,
1
County of
, Jss>
At a session of the Probate Court for the County of
holden at the probate
office in the
of
, on the
day of
, in
the year one thousand eight hundred and
Present
:
Judge of Probate.
In the matter of
an alleged insane person.
To the Medical Superintendent of the Northern Michigan Asylum:
Having received the certificates of
and
i
duly qualified
medical examiners in insanity, appointed by this Court, by whom
of
an alleged insane person, was personally visited and examined,
and after notifying the said
of the proceedings to be taken in h
case, and having taken the testimony of
credible witnesses, and having fully investigated the facts in the case with
the
verdict of a jury, as to the question of insanity, I, the Judge of Probate in and for
said county, do find that the said
is insane and a fit person for
care and treatment in the Northern Michigan Asylum.

LAWS GOVERNING THE ASYLUM.

69

It is therefore ordered that the said
be removed
to the Northern Michigan Asylum, these to be supported as a private patient.

Judge of Probate.
STATE OP MICHIGAN,
)
^
~
' V as.
County, \ HEREBY CERTIFY, That the foregoing is a true copy of the original ord
cate made by said Court.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed the seal of the Probate Court at
this
day of
Judge of Probate.
In all cases of "proceedings arising under this act, any person aggrieved by any order,
sentence, decree or denial of a Judge of Probate, may appeal therefrom to the Circuit
Court for the same county, by riling a notice thereof with the Judge of Probate within
ten days from the date of the act appealed from, with his reasons for such appeal,
together with such bond as is hereinafter required, and by giving notice of said appeal
to the relatives of the appellant, or person having such alleged insane person in charge,
or guardian ad litem, with his reasons therefor, in such manner as the Probate Court
shall direct at least fourteen days before the same shall be brought on for trial in the
Circuit Court, and within thirty days after such appeal is taken, filing in the Circuit
Court to which the appeal is taken a certified copy of the record or proceedings
appealed from, and of the notice and reasons for such appeal and of the bond on appeal
filed in the Probate Court, and of the order directing notice to the relatives of the
appellant, together with evidence that notice has been given to the relatives of the
appellant or person having such alleged insane person in charge, or guardian ad litem,
according to ttie order of the Probate Court: Provided, however, That in all cases
where any person has been adjudged insane under the provisions of this act within
two years next prior to the time when this act shall take effect, he or she, within
sixty days^from the time when this act shall take effect, may appeal therefrom, to the
Circuit Co'urt for the same county by gixmg the notice and bond provided for in this
section and by otherwise complying with the requirements of this section as to giving
notice of appeal with reasons therefor and filing evidence of service thereof and filing
in the Circuit Court to which the appeal is taken certified copies of the proceedings
and act appealed from in the Probate Court. All such cases shall be tried in the Circuit Court the same as other appeals from Probate Court. The party appealing shall
at the time of filing notice thereof, file with the Judge of Probate a bond running to
the Judge of Probate of said county, for the use and benefit of any person who shall
be injured by the allowance of such appeal in such penalty and with such surety or
sureties as the Judge of Probate may approve, conditioned for the diligent prosecution of such appeal and the payment of all such damages and costs as shall be awarded
to any person on account of allowance of such appeal in case the person appealing shall
fail to obtain a reversal of the decision so appealed from, and any person injured by
the allowance of such appeal shall have a right of action upon such bond in case the
decision so appealed from is not reversed: Provided, further, the judge of probate
shall if it be made to appear to his satisfaction necessary and proper so to do, either
because such person is so insane as to be in urgent need of treatment or dangerous to
himself, his friends or the public, grant an order for the commitment of such insane
person to such institution pending the hearing and determination of such appeal.
SEC. 22. It shall not be lawful for any physician to certify to the insanity of any
person for the purpose of securing his admission to an asylum, unless said physician
be of reputable character, a graduate of some incorporated medical college, a permanent resident of the State, registered according to law, not related by blood or
marriage to the alleged insane person nor to the person applying for such certificate,
and shall have been in the actual practice of his profession for at least three years; and
such qualifications shall be certified to by the clerk of the county in which such physician resides. No certificate of insanity shall be made except after a personal examination of the party alleged to be insane; and it shall not be lawful for any physician to
certify to the insanity of any person for the purpose of committing him to any asylum
of which the said physician is either a trustee, the superintendent, proprietor and
officer, or a regular professional attendant. The county clerk's certificate of qualification, of which there shall be one for each certifying physician, shall be in the following
form:

70

NORTHERN

MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

STATE OF MICHIGAN,
County of
I hereby certify that
of
is personally known to me as a reputable
physician, and is possessed of the qualifications required by section 22 of Act No. 135 of
the Session Laws of 1885, as amended and now in force, and that, as appears by his
oath on file in my office be is a graduate of
medical college, and that he has
been in the practice of medicine for a period of
years, and is registered according to law.
[L. s.]

County Clerk.

The following blank, have been adopted for the admission of private patients
with the exception of the order of the judge of probate, which is quoted
above:
APPLICATION FOE ADMISSION.

To Hon
County of

Judge of Probate for the
in the State of Michigan:

o'f
in said county, respectfully shows that
who is aresident of the
of
in said county, is insane and in need of asylum treatment: That said petitioner will
furnish a bond with sufficient sureties to the Treasurer of the Northern Michigan
Asylum at Traverse City, to guarantee payment of the expense of the maintenance and
care of the said
in said asylum.
That the petitioner is
,
and is
well acquainted with the pecuniary circumstances of said
and makes this application in behalf of said
that he may be
admitted, on the certificate of said Judge of Probate, in the Northern Michigan
Asylum, and there supported at private expense, according to the provisions of Act
No. 220 of the Laws of 1889.

Dated

18.

STATE OF MICHIGAN,
County of

the above named applicant,
being duly sworn, says that the above application by him signed, is true, as he verily
believes.
Subscribed and sworn to before me this (
day o f 1
A. D. 18__ J
Judge of Probate.
APPOINTMENT OF MEDICAL, EXAMINERS.
STATE OF MICHIGAN,
County of
, $ ss'
At a session of the Probate Court for said County of
held at the
probate office in the
of
on the
day of
, in the year one thousand eight hundred and
Present,
i
Judge of Probate.
In the matter of
an alleged insane person.
Application having been made to this Court for an order for the admission of
said alleged insane person to the Northern Michigan Asylum as a private patient,
and
two reputable physicians, qualified medical examiners in insanity, are hereby appointed to examine said alleged insane person, as to such alleged insanity.
Judge of Probate.

LAWS GOVERNING

THE ASYLUM.

71

BOND.

Know all men by these presents, That we
and
in the county
of
are held and firmly bound unto
treasurer of the Northern
Michigan Asylum, at Traverse City, and his successors in office, in the sum of one
thousand dollars, for the payment or which we jointly and severally bind ourselves,
our heirs, executors and administrators by these presents.
WHEREAS,
of the
of
in the county of
an insane person, has been admitted as a patient into the Northern Michigan Asylum
at Traverse city.
Now, therefore, the condition of this obligation is that if the said obligors shall pay
the treasurer of said Asylum, the sum of
dollars and
cents per
week, for the care and board of said insane person so long as
shall continue in
said Asylum, with such extra charges as may be occasioned by
requiring more
than ordinary care and attention, and also provide
with suitable clothing,
and pay for all such necessary articles of clothing as shall be purchased for
by the steward of the asylum, a statement of which, by the steward, shall be taken as
conclusive, and is hereby agreed to by the undersigned, and remove
whenever the room occupied by
shall be required for a class of patients having preference by law, and also pay for all damages that
may do to the furniture or
other property of said A sylum, and for reasonable charges in case of elopement, and
funeral charges in case of death: such payments for board and clothing to be made
quarterly, and at the time of removal, then this obligation to become void, otherwise
to remain in force.
Sealed with our seals and dated the...
day of
in the year 18
[L, 8.1

Signed and sealed in the presence of
I HEREBY CERTIFY, That I am personally acquainted with
and
signers of the above bond, and consider either of them fully
responsible for the prompt discharge of its obligations.
STATE OF MICHIGAN,
County of
and
of the
in said county.
sureties named in the within and foregoing bond, being duly sworn depose and say
that they are each worth in unincumbered property not exempt from execution under
the laws of this state, the sum of one thousand dollars after payment of all just bebts,
claims and liabilities.
Subscribed and sworn to before me, this____________day of__________________189 ___
Notary Public in and for______________county, Mich.
PHYSICIAN'S CERTIFICATE.

^CHIGAN' § | ss.
In the Probate Court for said County.
In the matter of the application of ______________________________________________
in behalf of_____________________________________________________........ _an alleged
insane person, praying that he may be admitted into the NORTHERN MICHIGAN A SYLUM.
I______________________________________a permanent resident of ____________________
in the county aforesaid, being a graduate of_________________________....._________and
having practiced as a physician ...... _ .years, hereby certify under oath, that on the
______________ day of ______ ...... ___________ , 18____, acting under the direction and by
the appointment of the Hon______________________Judge of Probate for the County of
______________________ , I personally visited and examined ________________________
of________________________________a 1_____________________________aged____years, by
occupation a______________________and 2__________________________, and that the said
________________________________ is insane, and a proper person for care and treatment
under the provisions of Section 21, of Act No. 135, of the Session Laws of 1885, and
acts amendatory thereto.
1 Male or Female.
2 Married, single, widowed or divorced.

72

NORTHERN MICHIGAN

ASYLUM.

I further certify, That I have formed this opinion upon the following grounds, viz.
[Here insert delusion, insane conduct or other evidences o( insanity.]

And I further certify and declare, That I am not related by blood or marriage to
said insane person, or to the person applying for this Certificate, and that I am not a
trustee, the superintendent, proprietor and officer, or a regular professional attendant
of the Northern Michigan Asylum, and that my qualifications as a Medical Examiner
in Insanity1 have been duly attested and certified by
Clerk of
County.
(Signed)
, M. D.
Sworn to and subscribed before me, this
day of
18-.
Judge of Probate.
COUNTY CLERK'S CERTIFICATE OF QUALIFICATION.*
STATE OF MICHIGAN,
)
County of
, \s
I hereby certify, That

of
is personally known to me as a reputable physician, and is
possessed of the qualifications required by Section 22, of Act No. 135, of the Session
.Laws of 1885, as amended and now in force, and that as appears by his oath on file
in my office, he is a graduate of
Medical College, and that he
has been in the practice of medicine for a period of
years, and is registered
according to law.
£_ County Clerk.

\. S
Patients are transferred from private to county charge in compliance with
the provisions of the following section:
Section 24. When any insane person in indigent circumstances shall have been
maintained by his friends in the asylum as a private patient for three months, and the
superintendent of the asylum shall certify that he is insane and requires further treatment, the Judge of Probate, on application by the friends of such patient, shall
determine the question of indigence, and also investigate the estate, income, annuity
or pension of such insane person and the ability of his relatives legally liable for his
support, according to the provisions of the preceding section with or without further
evidence of insanity, as in his discretion he may think best, and if the indigence be
established, he shall make an order authorizing the admission of such patient into the
asylum as a county or State charge according to the provisions of the preceding section,
together with such other orders for the application of the estate, income, annuity or
pension of such insane person to his support, and for the payment to the county
treasurer for his support by relatives legally liable therefor, as is provided in the preceding section, and shall certify the same to the Secretary of State if he or she is made
a State charge, and shall report the same to the Board of Supervisors, if he or she is
made a county charge as required by the preceding section, and the patient, as mother
cases of indigence, shall be supported at the asylum at the expense of the State or of
the county to which he or she may belong, as provided in trie preceding section, until
restored, or if a county charge for a period of not exceeding two years.

Insane members of the Michigan Soldiers' Home can be committed to
the insane asylums according to the provisions of Act No. 41, Laws of
1895.
* See Public Act No. 220, Laws of 1889.

LAWS

GOVERNING THE ASYLUM.

73

Indigent patients can be committed to private asylums within the State
in accordance with the provisions, Sec. 1945d, of 3d Howell's Annotated
Statutes of Michigan, as amended by Sec. 4, Public Acts No. 84, Laws
ofj!895.
THE BEMOVAL OF PATIENTS TO THE ASYLUM.

In conveying a patient to the Asylum, do not deceive him. Truth
.should not be compromised by professing a visit to the Institution, and,
on arrival, suggesting to the patient the idea of staying, when his admission has already been decided upon; nor should patients be induced to
come and "stay a few days to see how they like it," under the impression
that they can leave at pleasure. This course not only destroys confidence
in friends, but also in the officers of the Asylum by giving patients an
impression that they are parties to the deception.
Removal to the Asylum should never be attempted when the patient is
much prostrated or laboring under severe bodily illness, and care should
be taken that the excitement attending acute "mental disease be not mistaken
for physical strength.
The attention of county officers is particularly directed to the requirements of the following section in reference to a female attendant, clothing,
etc.:
SEC. 35. All town and county officers sending a patient to the asylum, shall, before
sending; him, see that he is in a state of perfect bodily cleanliness, and is comfortably
clothed and provided with suitable changes of raiment as prescribed in the by-laws of
th» asylum, and shall provide a female attendant, of reputable character and mature
age, for a female patient or patients, unless accompanied by her husband, father,
brother or son. Any person or officer who shall bring a female patient to the asylum
in violation of the last preceding i provision of this section, or who shall under the provisions of law, or otherwise, bring or accompany any patient to the asylum, and not in
due time deliver him into the lawful care and custody of the proper officer of the
asylum, taking his receipt therefore, provided he be admitted, or who shall willfully
leave, abandon, neglect, or abuse such patient, either in going to or returning from the
asylum, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction shall be liable to
a fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars, or to imprisonment not exceeding
one year, or to both in the discretion of the court before which the conviction shall be
had.
REMOVAL OF UNBECOVEBED PATIENTS.

An unrecovered patient may be removed from the Asylum in accordance with the following by-law adopted by the Board of Trustees, January
18, 1888:
An unrecovered patient supported at private or county expense may be
allowed to leave the Asylum on trial, with the approval of the Medical
Superintendent, under the charge of a guardian, relative or friends, and
may be received back without the formality of a new order, provided,
that the period of absence be not longer than six months.
It is necessary, however, that in each instance a new bond be furnished
upon the return of the patient.
Indigent or pauper patients may be removed from the Asylum in accordance with Sec. 33, Act No, 177, Laws of 1897. In accordance with Sec.
38 of the same act, superintendents are, when the Asylum is overcrowded,
empowered to discriminate in the reception of patients, favoring those
that are most in need of Asylum care and treatment.
10

74

NORTHERN MICHIGAN ASYLUM.
CLOTHING

As friends of patients are often in doubt as to what articles of clothing
it is necessary to provide, the following suggestions are made:
Male patients require 3 new shirts, 1 new and substantial coat and vest,
2 pairs pantaloons, 3 pairs socks, 2 pairs drawers, 2 undershirts, 1 hat or
cap, 1 cravat, 3 collars, 6 handkerchiefs, 1 pair shoes or boots, 1 pair
slippers, 1 overcoat.
Female patients should have 3 calico dresses, 3 chemises, 3 pairs drawers, 4 pairs hose, 3 night dresses, 3 cotton flannel skirts, 6 handkerchiefs,
4 collars, 1 pair shoes. 1 pair slippers, 1 shawl or cloak, 1 hat, hood or
nubia, 4 aprons.
The outfit should be liberal when circumstances permit. As nearly all
the patients go regularly into the open air each day, it is desirable that
they be furnished with clothing of a character to enable them to go comfortably in all weather, and also to appear at little social gatherings.
When desired, articles of clothing, etc., will be furnished at the Institution. Jewelry should not be brought with patients. If such articles are
left in their possession the Asylum cannot be responsible for their safe
keeping.
CORRESPONDENCE.

All letters concerning patients, from individuals having the right to
make inquiry, will be answered at once; and friends are promptly advised
of any severe illness, accident, or event of moment or interest. The postoffice and telegraphic addresses of one correspondent in each case are
recorded, to whom such communications are sent. Letters are frequently
received to which replies cannot be mailed, for the reason that the post
office address is not clearly given. A little care on the part of friends will
often save them disappointment and the Asylum unmerited censure. Information concerning inmates will not be given to casual visitors, except
at the written request of friends.
MEDICAL

HISTORY.

Application for admission should be made before the patient is brought
to the Asylum, and the following facts should be furnished when possible,
in reference to his case:
1. Please state the name, residence, age, nativity, civil condition, occupation, education and religion.
2. Give facts pertaining to family history.
3. Speak of any physical peculiarities or defects, of the habits as a
child, and later as an adult; state the temperament, disposition and
tastes; the success in business; if addicted to the use of liquor, opium or
tobacco; if the patient has any vicious habits.
4. State if the patient has ever had convulsions, or any previous attack
of insanity, the age at time of attack, its character, duration and the treatment employed; if sent to an asylum, state where, and the result of treatment. Give the particulars of subsequent attacks.
- 5. State the supposed cause or causes of the attack, also any facts that
will throw light upon the case.
x
6. State the date of the first indication of any change in the usual condition, habits, disposition, or temper of the patient. What was the

LAWS GOVERNING THE ASYLUM.

75

change? What was the physical condition? Give the subsequent history
of the attack, and the treatment employed.
7. Give full particulars of every attempt to injure self or others;
whether in any way destructive, or careless and uncleanly in habits.
8. If it has been necessary to use restraint or confinement, state in
what form and for how long a time.
9. Give present condition. Physically—whether in usual health, or
feeble and emaciated; pulse, respiration, appearance of pupils, whether
equally dilated. Voice, whether natural, or if there is any unnatural
hesitancy or stammering while speaking; appetite, sleep, digestion, hearing, sight; if there is any evidence of paralysis, or loss of power or of
control of muscles.
Mentally—if excited or quiet, pleasant or moody and irritable, the character of the delusions, how occupied during the day.
10. Give name and address of attending physician.
If the case will admit of delay, blanks for this history will be furnished
on application.
Idiots are especially excepted by law from the benefits of the Asylum
and cannot under any circumstances be received.
All correspondence in reference to patients may be addressed to Dr.
James D. Munson, Northern Michigan Asylum, Traverse City.

INDEX.

Acute insanity, analysis of cases.
.
Additional land
Addition to library
.
Accounts, classification of
Accounts, current
Acknpwledgmants
Artesian wells
Additional buildings, recommendations for
Admission of private patients
Admission of indigent and pauper patients
Admissions and discharges
Age of patients. Table...
Appropriatioas, report on
Bath houses
Chimney.
Civil conditions. Table
Clinicil groups. Table
Classification
Correspondence
Cost of maintenance..
Coal room
Clothing
,
Divine service
.-.
Duration of disease. Table.
Deaths, causes, etc._
Electric storage battery
^
Fstimates of special appropriations
Exciting causes. Table
Farm and garden products
_
_
Farm and garden
Fireproof vault
Form of disease. Table..
Government of the asylum.__
_
Heredity. Table...
Home for women nurses
Hospitals for curable patients
Improvements
Inventory, summary of
Medical work
Medical history
Movement of population. Tables
Nativity of patients. Table...
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Names of officers and employees
Needs of the asylum
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New barns
Officers
Occupations..
Occupation of patients
,.
Pathological laboratory
Pathological work
Report of Trustees..
Report of Treasurer
_
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Beport of medical superintendent
Report of steward
Report of auditing committee
Report of State Board of Charities and Corrections
Removal of patients to asylum
Eoofs and gutters
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Receipts and disbursements
Residents of patients. Table
Special appropriations..
Support of patients by counties
Stock
Surgical work..
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